ENG 
per, or marks upon the ground, all sorts of 
forts, and other works proper for offence 
and defence. He should understand the 
art of fortification, so as to be able, not 
only to discover the defects of a place, but 
to find a remedy proper for them, as also 
how to make an attack upon, as well as to 
defend the place. Engineers are extremely 
necessary for these purposes : wherefore it 
is requisite that, besides being ingenious, 
they should be brave in proportion. When 
at a siege the engineers have narrowly sur- 
veyed the place, they are to make their re- 
port to the general, by acquainting him 
which part they judge the weakest, and 
where approaches may be made with most 
success. Their business is also to delineate 
the lines of circumvallation and contraval- 
lation, taking all the advantages of the 
ground ; to mark out the trenches, places 
of arms, batteries, and lodgments, taking 
care that none of their works be flanked or 
discovered from the place. After making a 
faithful report to the general of what is a 
doing, the engineers are to demand a suffi- 
cient number of workmen and utensils, and 
whatever else is necessary. 
ENGRAFTING, or Grafting, in gar- 
dening. See the article Grafting. 
ENGRAILED, or Ingraxled, in he- 
raldry, a term derived from the French, 
hail ; and signifying a thing the hail has 
fallen upon and broke off the edges, leaving 
them ragged, or with half rounds, or semi- 
circles, struck out of their edges. 
ENGRAVING. This term is at pre- 
sent confined to the. art of excavating cop- 
per and wood, in lines, in so judicious a man- 
ner as to produce imitations of paintings 
and drawings when printed on paper, It is 
' certain that engraving for the production of 
prints was unknown long after the practice 
of painting in oil had arrived to great per- 
fection, but good prints are common from 
plates engraved in the fifteenth century, 
many of which are landscapes most labori- 
ously, and even excellently performed by 
the graver, although it is well known that 
the instrument just mentioned cannot freely 
express those serrated and serpentine lines 
necessary for foliage and short grass inter- 
mixed with plants, since so admirably deli- 
neated in etchings. A goldsmith of Flo- 
rence, named Maso Finiguerra, is said to 
have discovered the art ; but this assertion 
must undoubtedly merely apply to his ob- 
taining impressions from lines engraved ori- 
ginally without the least idea of such a 
result: were we to examine the subject 
ENG 
closely, it might be proved, that outlines 
have been cut in metals, representing 
figures, &c. from the most remote periods 
of antiquity, but being subject to decay, 
they have not reached pur time as the 
more durable granites have done, embel- 
lished with hieroglyphics cut in them in a 
manner which might be printed on paper. 
^Arguing from these premises, it may be in- 
ferred, that the antients understood the art 
of engraving in metal, though without con- 
ceiving that the copies of their productions 
might be multiplied by means of ink on 
soft white cloth, or similar materials. Al- 
bert Durer, born in 1470, and who died at 
Nuremberg 1528, is said to have been the 
first person on record claiming the name of 
an engraver in the long list of celebrated 
artists ; but certainly very excellent en- 
graved brass figures, the lines filled with 
substances to show them more clearly, are 
now extant on tombs in some hundreds of 
churches in England, the dates of many 
of which are prior to the time of his birth. 
This fact will serve to prove that the print- 
ing of engraved plates was discovered be- 
tween 1470 and 1528 ; /indeed the perfec- 
tion that engraving had reached in the lat- 
ter century, plainly demonstrates that the 
use of the graver was by no means a mo- 
dern discovery. The encouragement of the 
fine arts has ever been a distinguishing trait 
of the inhabitants of the continent of Eu- 
rope ; it is not wonderful, therefore, that 
engraving closely followed the footsteps of 
the parent arts, and flourished there in 
greater perfection than in England, where 
they have been in a state of miserable 
depression till within the last century, when 
literature was supposed to receive some aid 
from the graver, the booksellers taking the 
hint, have encouraged the predilection of 
the public, which has operated as a stimulus 
to the artist, and the consequence is, that 
the graphic embellishments of British topo- 
graphical and poetical works are equal, if 
not superior, to any in Europe. 
Historical engravings for the port folio 
and furniture seemed at one period to 
advance rapidly towards perfection, to 
which the late Alderman Boydell greatly 
contributed; but the death of Strange,' 
Hall, and Woollet, have been almost fatal to 
the hopes of the amateur, which rest, in a 
great measure, upon Heath, Sharp, Brom- 
ley, and a few others, as in this particular 
instance we do not include those eminent 
foreigners who have, or do at present reside 
in England. Whatever deficiencies we may 
