EXP 
EXP 
to the double doctrine of the ancient philo- 
sophers : the one was public or exoteric, 
the other secret or esoteric. The first was 
that which they taught openly to the world, 
the latter was confined to a small number 
of disciples. See Peripatetics. 
EXOTIC, an appellation denoting a 
thing to be the produce of foreign countries. 
Exotic plants of the hot climates are very 
numerous, and require the utmost atten- 
tion of the gardener to make them thrive 
with us. 
EXPANSION, in natural philosophy, 
the enlargement or increase of bulk in bo- 
dies, chiefly by means of heat. This is one 
of the most general effects of caloric, being 
common to all bodies whatever, whether 
solid or fluid, or in an aeriform state. In 
some cases bqdies seem to expand as they 
grow cold, as water in the act of freezing ; 
this, however, is known to be no exception 
to the general rule, but is owing to the ar- 
rangement of the particles, or to crystalli- 
zation, and is not a regular and gradual ex- 
pansion like that of metals, or other solid 
substances by means of heat. In various 
metals likewise an expansion takes place in 
passing from a fluid to a solid state, which 
is accounted for in the same way. The ex- 
pansion of solids is exhibited by the Pyro- 
meter (which see) ; a rod of iron, for 
instance, becomes sensibly longer and larger 
in all its dimensions in passing from a low 
to a high state of temperature. The expan- 
sion of fluids is shewn by the thermometer, 
and is the principle upon which that useful 
instrument is constructed ; by immersing a 
thermometer into hot water, the mercury, 
or other fluid, contained in it immediately 
expands. See Thermometer. The de- 
gree of expansion produced in different 
liquids, varies very considerably. In gene- 
ral, the denser the fluid, the less the expan- 
sion ; water expands more than mercury, 
and alcohol, which is lighter than water, ex- 
pands more than water. The expansion of 
aeriform fluids may be exhibited by bring- 
ing a bladder, partly filled with air, and the 
neck closely tied, near the fire ; the blad- 
der will soon be distended, and will, if the 
heat be strong enough, burst. Metals ex- 
pand in the following order, those that ex- 
pand most are placed first : zinc, lead, tin, 
copper, bismuth, iron, platina. 
EXPECTATION of life, a term used by 
the writers on life annuities and reversions, 
and which, according to Dr. Price, signifies 
the mean continuance of any given single, 
joint, or surviving lives, according to any 
given table of observations: that is, the 
number of years which, taking them one 
with another, they actually enjoy, and may 
be considered as sure of enjoying; those 
who live or survive beyond that period, 
enjoying as much more timei, in proportion 
to their number, as those who fall short of 
it enjoy less. See Life, duration of. 
EXPECTORANTS, an appellation giv- 
en to those medicines which facilitate the 
discharging the contents of the lungs. 
EXPECTORATION, the act of evacu- 
ating or bringing up phlegm, or other mat- 
ters out of the trachea, lungs, &c. by cough- 
ing, hauking, spitting, &c. 
EXPEDITION, in military affairs, is 
chiefly used to denote a voyage or march 
against an enemy, the success of which de- 
pends on rapid and unexpected movements. 
No rules have, or probably can be given for 
the application of expeditions generally ; 
they depend on circumstances that cannot 
be foreseen ; they seem to depend on the 
following maxims: 1. Secresy of prepa- 
ration and concealment of design. 2. The 
means must be proportional to the end. 
3. There must be an accurate knowledge of 
the state and situation of the country. 4. 
The plan must be well arranged, and the 
commander perfectly adapted to the parti- 
cular sort of business. 
EXPERIENCE, a kind of knowledge 
acquired by long use, without any teacher. 
Mr. Locke says that men receive all the 
materials of knowledge from experience 
and observation. Experience then consists 
in the ideas of things we have seen or read, 
which the judgment has reflected on, to 
form itself a rule or method. 
EXPERIMENTAL philosophy, that phi- 
losophy which proceeds on experiments, 
which deduces the laws of nature, and the 
properties and powers of bodies, and their 
actions upon each other, from sensible 
experiments and observations. The busi- 
ness of experimental philosophy is to in- 
quire. into and to investigate the reasons and 
causes of the various appearances or pliae- 
nomena of nature, and to make the truth 
or probability thereof obvious and evident 
to the senses, by plain, undeniable, and ade- 
quate experiments, representing the several 
parts of the grand machinery and agency of 
nature. 
In our inquiries into nature, we are to 
be conducted by those rules and maxims 
which are found 'to be genuine, and conso- 
nant to a just method of physical reasoning ; 
and these rules of philosophizing are by 
