F 
ever a right, title, or interest is destroyed, 
or taken away by the act of God, opera- 
tion of law, or act of the party, it is called 
an extinguishment; a creditor’s accepting 
a higher security than he had before is an 
extinguishment of the first debt. 
EXTORTION, in law, any oppression 
by colour or pretence of right. 
EXTRA judicial, in law, is when judg- 
ment is given in a cause or case not de- 
pending in that court, where such judg- 
ment is given, or wherein the judge has no 
jurisdiction. 
Extra parochial, out of any parish ; pri- 
vileged or exempted from the duties of a 
parish. 
EXTRACT, in pharmacy, the soluble 
parts of vegetable substances, first dissolv- 
ed in spirit or water, and then reduced to 
the consistence of a thick syrup, or paste, 
by evaporation. See Pharmacy. 
EXTRACTION, in chemistry, is the 
general operation by means of which we 
separate and extract from very compound- 
ed bodies of the vegetable and animal 
kingdoms, different matters contained in 
them. For this purpose alcohol, water, 
acids, and alkalies are made use of. There- 
fore extraction is performed by dissolu- 
tions, macerations, infusions, &c. 
Extraction, in surgery, is the drawing 
any foreign matter out of the body by 
the hand, or by the help of instruments. 
Extraction, in genealogy, implies the 
stock or family from which a person is 
descended. 
Extraction of roots, in algebra and 
arithmetic, the method of finding the root 
of/any power or number. See Algebra. 
EXTRACTOR, in midwifery, an instru- 
ment, or forceps, for extracting children by 
the head. See Midwifery. 
EXTRAVASATION, in contusions, fis- 
sures, depressions, fractures, and other ac- 
F 
cidents of the cranium, is when one or 
more of the blood-vessels that are distri- 
buted on the dura mater, is broke or di- 
vided, whereby there is such a discharge of 
blood as greatly oppresses the brain, and 
disturbs its offices ; frequently bringing on 
violent pains, and other mischiefs ; and, at 
length, death itself, unless the patient is 
timely relieved. 
EXTREME and mean proportion, in geo- 
metry, is 'when a line is so divided into two 
parts, that the rectangle under the whole 
line, and the lesser segment, is equal, to the 
square of the greater segment. 
EXUVLE, among naturalists, denote the 
cast-off parts or coverings of animals, as 
the skins of serpents, caterpillars, and other 
insects. See Entomology. 
M. Reaumur is very particular in de- 
scribing the manner in which the caterpillar 
tribe throw off, or extricate themselves 
from their exuviae. See vol. i. of the 
“ History of Insects.” 
The crab, as is well known, can even 
throw off its limbs at pleasure, which are 
again replaced by new ones. See Cancer. 
Exiivij* is also used for the remains of 
sea animals, found fossile, and more properly 
called extraneous, or marine fossils. 
EYE. See Anatomy and Optics. 
Eye, in architecture, is used to signify 
any round window made in a pediment, an 
attic, the reins of a vault, or the like. 
Eye of a dome, an aperture at the top of 
a dome, as that of the Pantheon at Rome, 
or of St. Paul’s at London: it is usually 
covered with a lantern. 
Eye, in agriculture and gardening, signi- 
fies a little bud, or shoot, inserted into a 
tree, by way of graft. 
Eye of a tree, a small pointed knot to 
which the leaves stick, and from which the 
shoots or sprigs proceed. 
liYE-bright. See Ebphrasia. 
P. 
F the sixth letter of the alphabet, and 
5 fourth consonant, is by some reckon- 
ed a mute, and by others a semi-vowel : it 
is formed by forcing the breath out strongly, 
and at the same time joining the upper teeth 
and under lip : it has much the same sound 
with the Greek q>, or ph in English words, 
and is,only written in words of Latin origin, 
ph being used instead of it in those derived 
from the Greek. Suetonius tells us, that 
the emperor Claudius invented the f, and 
two other letters ; and that it had the force 
