FOU 
and then putting a quantity of chopped 
rope-yarns, oakum, wool, &c. between it 
and the ship’s side ; by repeating the latter 
part of this operation several times the 
leak generally sucks in a portion of the 
loose stuff, and thereby becomes, in part, 
or altogether, stopped. 
FOUL, or Four.E, in the sea language, 
is used when a ship has been long untrim- 
med, so that the grass-weeds, or barnacles 
grow to her sides under water. A rope is 
also foul when it is either tangled in itself 
or hindered by another, so that it cannot 
run or be over-hawled. 
Foul, imports also the running of one 
ship against another. This happens some- 
times by the violence of the wind, and 
sometimes by the carelessness of the people 
on board, to ships in the same convoy, and 
to ships in port by means of others coming 
in. The damages occasioned by running 
foul are of the nature of those in which both 
parties must bear a part. They are usually 
made half to fall upon the sufferer, and half 
upon the vessel which did the injury : but 
in cases where it is evidently the fault of 
the master of the vessel, he alone is to bear 
the damage. 
Foul toater. A ship is said to make foul 
water when being under sail, she comes into 
such shoal water, that though her keel does 
not touch the ground, yet it comes so near 
it that the motion of the water under her 
raises the mud from the bottom. 
FOUNDATION, in architecture, is that 
part of a building which is under ground. 
See Architecture and Building. 
Foundation, denotes also a donation or 
legacy, either in money or lands, for the 
maintenance and support of some commu- 
nity, hospital, school, lecture, & c. 
FOUNDER, in a general sense, the per- 
son who lays a foundation, or endows a 
church, school, religious house, or other 
charitable institution. The founder of a 
church may preserve to himself the right 
of patronage, or presentation to the living. 
Founder, also implies an artist who 
casts metals in various forms, for different 
uses, as guns, bells, statues, printing cha- 
racters, candlesticks, buckles, &c. whence 
they are denominated gun-founders, bell- 
founders, figure-founders, letter-founders, 
founders of small works, &c. See Foun- 
DERY. 
Founder, in the sea language. A ship 
is said to founder when by an extraordinary 
leak, or by a great sea breaking in upon 
her, she is so filled with water that she can- 
FOU 
not be freed of it ; so that she can neither 
veer nor steer, but lie like a log ; and not 
being able to swim along will at last sink. 
FOUNDERY, or Foundry, the art of 
casting all sorts of metals into different 
forms. It likewise signifies the work-house, 
or smelting-hut, wherein these operations 
are performed. See Iron Foundery. 
Foundery of small-works, or casting in 
sand. The sand used for casting small- 
works is, at first, of a pretty soft, yellowish, 
and clammy nature : but it being necessary 
to strew charcoal dust in the mould, it at 
length becomes of a quite black colour. 
This sand is worked over and over, on a 
board, with a roller and a sort of knife ; 
being placed over a trough to receive it, 
after it is by these means sufficiently pre- 
pared. 
This done they take a wooden board, of 
a length and breadth proportional to the 
things to be cast, and putting a ledge round 
it they fill it with sand, a little moistened, 
to make it duly cohere. Then they take 
either wood or metal models of what they 
intend to cast, and apply them so to the 
mould, and press them into the sand, as to 
leave their impression there. Along the 
middle of the mould is laid half a small 
brass cylinder, as the chief canal for the 
metal to run through, when melted, into 
the models, or patterns ; and from this 
chief canal are placed several others which 
extend to each model or pattern placed in 
the frame. After this frame is finished tliev 
take out the patterns, by first loosening 
them all round, that the sand may not give 
way. 
Then they proceed to work the other 
half of the mould with the same patterns in 
just such another frame, only that it has 
pins, which, entering into holes that corres- 
pond to it in the other, make the two 
cavities of the pattern fall exactly on each 
other. 
The frame thus moulded is carried to the 
melter, who, after extending the chief canal 
of the counterpart, and adding the cross 
canals to the several models in both, and 
strewing mill dust over them, dries them in 
a kind of oven for that purpose. 
Both parts of the mould being dry, they 
are joined together by means of the pins ; 
and to prevent their giving way, by reason 
of the melted metal passing through the 
chief cylindrical canal, they are screwed or 
wedged up like a kind of a press. 
While the moulds are thus preparing the 
metal is fusing in a crucible, of a size pro- 
