/ 
FOU 
be able to compose ten sheets, or twenty- 
forms, without being obliged to distribute. 
The founder takes his measures accord- 
ingly; he reckons 120 lb. for a sheet, in- 
cluding the quadrates, & c. or 60 lb. for a 
form, which is only half a sheet : not that 
the sheet always weighs 120 lb., or the form 
60 lb. ; on the contrary, it varies according 
to the size of the form ; besides, it is always 
supposed that there are letters left in the 
cases. As, therefore, every sheet does not 
comprehend the same number of letters, 
nor the same sort of letters, we must ob- 
serve, that, as in every language some 
sounds recur more frequently than others, 
some letters will be in much more use, and 
oftener repeated than others, and conse- 
quently their cells or cases should be bet- 
ter stored than those of the letters which 
do not recur so frequently : thus, a fount 
does not contain an equal number of a and 
b, or of o and c, &c. the letter-founders 
have therefore a list or tariff, or, as the 
French cal! it, a police, by which they re- 
gulate the proportions between the dif- 
ferent sorts of characters that compose a 
fount ; and it is evident that this tariff will 
vary in different languages, but will remain 
the same for all sorts of characters employ- 
ed in the same language. Suppose a fount 
of 100,000 characters, which is a common 
fount, here a should have 5,000 ; c, 3,000 ; 
e, 11,000 ; i, 6,000 ; m, 3,000; the k, only 
30 ; and the x, y, and z not many more. 
FOUNTAIN, in philosophy, a spring or 
source of water, rising out of the earth. 
Among the ancients, fountains were held 
sacred, and even worshipped as a kind of 
divinities. For the phenomena, theory, 
and origin of fountains or springs, see 
Spring. 
Fountain, or Artificial Fountain, in hy- 
draulics, called also a jet d'eau, is a contri- 
vance by which water is violently spouted 
upwards. See Hydraulics. 
Fountain pen. See Pen. 
FOURTH, in music, one of the harmoni- 
cal intervals, called concords. It is called 
fourth, as containing four sounds or terms 
between its extremes, and three intervals ; 
or, as being the fourth in order of the natu- 
ral or diatonic scale, from the fundamental. 
The ancients called it diatessaron, and 
speak of it as the principal concord, on 
whose divisions all the rest depend; but 
the moderns, so far from allowing it such 
perfections, find it one of the most imper- 
fect, and even dispute whether it ought to 
FOW 
be received among the number of concords 
at all. It consists in the mixture of two 
sounds in the ratio of 4:3; that is, of two 
sounds produced by two chords, whose 
lengths, &c. are in that proportion. 
FOWLING, the art of taking or killing 
birds. It is either practised as an amuse- 
ment by persons of rank and property, and 
then principally consists in killing them 
with a light fire arm, called a fowling-piece, 
and the diversion is secured to them by the 
game-laws ; or it is practised for a liveli- 
hood, by persons who use nets and other 
apparatus. Though there is much skill and 
knowledge displayed in fowling with the 
fowling-piece, not only in the use of the in- 
strument, but likewise in the training of 
dogs, and discovering and starting the 
game, we must, from the nature of our li- 
mits, avoid entering into this subject. The 
other artifices by which birds are taken, 
consist in imitating their voices, or leading 
them, by other means, into situations where 
they become entrapped by nets, or ljird- 
lime, or otherwise. 
The pipe, or call, affords the most com- 
mon means used, to take great numbers 
of birds; this is done in the months of 
September and October. A thin wood is 
the spot chosen for this purpose ; under a 
tree a little distant from the others, is erect- 
ed a cabin, and there are only those 
branches left on the tree, which are neces- 
sary for the placing of the birdlime, which 
are supple twigs, aud are covered with bird- 
lime. There are placed around the cabin 
avenues with twisted perches, which are 
alA) besmeared with birdlime. The bird- 
catcher places himself in the cabin, and at 
sun-rise and sun-set, imitates the cry of a 
small bird, calling the others to its assis- 
tance ; for animals have also their cries to 
express their different passions, which are 
well known to each other. If a cry is 
made to imitate the owl, immediately dif- 
ferent sorts of birds assemble at the cry of 
their common enemy, and they are seen 
falling to the ground at every instant, their 
wings, from the birdlime, being of no use 
to them. The cries of those birds which 
are thus caught attract others, and great 
quantities are in this manner taken. It is 
only during the night that the great and 
small owls are taken, by counterfeiting the 
cry of the mouse. 
To take the lark, nets are spread, and 
about the middle of the net is placed a 
looking-glass, to which a cord is attached, 
