FUL 
is consumed, as in breweries, distilleries, 
and the like. In such works, it is evidently 
worth while to contrive the furnaces so that 
heat may be obtained from the volatile 
parts of the fuel, as well as from the fixed ; 
for when this is done, less fuel serves the 
purpose than would otherwise; be neces- 
sary. But this is little attended to, or ill 
understood in many of those manufactories. 
It is not uncommon to see vast clouds of 
black smoke and vapour coming out of 
their vents. This happens in consequence 
of their throwing too large a quantity of 
crude fuel, into the furnace at once. The 
heat 'is not sufficient to inflame it quickly, 
and the consequence is a great loss of heat. 
See Laboratory. 
FUGUE, in music, signifies a composi- 
tion, in which one part leads off some de- 
termined succession of notes called the sub- 
ject, which after being answered in the 
fifth and eighth by the other parts, is inter- 
spersed through the movement, and distri- 
buted amid all the parts in a desultory man- 
ner at the pleasure of the composer. There 
are three distinct descriptions of fugues, the 
simple, which contains but one subject ; the 
double, that which consists of two subjects ; 
and the counter fugue, is that in which the 
subjects move in a direction contrary to 
each other. 
FUIRENA, in botany, so named in me- 
mory of George Fuiren, a genus of the 
Triandria Monogynia class and order. Na- 
tural order of Calamatke. Cyperoideae, 
Jussieu. Essential character : ament im- 
bricate, with awned scales ; calyx none ; 
corolla with three-petal shaped obcordate 
glumes, ending in a tendril. There is but 
one species, viz. F. paniculata, a lofty 
grass. Native of Surinam and Jamaica. 
FULCRUM, in mechanics, the prop or 
support, by which a lever is sustained. See 
Mechanics. 
FULGORA, in natural history, lantern- 
fly, a genus of insects of the order Hemip- 
tera. Head hollow, inflated, extended for- 
ward ; antennae short, seated beneath the 
eyes, consisting of two joints, the outer 
one larger and globular ; snout elongated, 
inflected, four-jointed; legs formed for 
walking. There are about 25 species, al- 
most inhabitants of hot climates. Mr. 
Donovan has described the F. Europsea ; 
the body of which is green ; wings hyaline, 
reticulate ; front conic. This is a small 
insect, and destitute of the shining quality, 
by which foreign species are distinguished. 
But the F. lanternaria, or Peruvian lantern- 
FUL 
fly is one of the most curious of insects, it 
is three inches long, and the breadth be- 
tween the tips of the expanded wings is 
about five or six inches. This beautiful 
insect is a native of Surinam and other parts 
of South America, and during the night it 
diffuses so strong a phosphoric splendor 
from its head, which is nearly as large as 
the rest of the body, that it may be em- 
ployed for the purpose of a candle or 
torch. 
FULTCA, the gallinule and the coot, in 
natural history, a genus of birds of the or- 
der Grail as. Generic character : bill strong, 
thick, and sloping to the point ; upper man- 
dible arched over the lower at the edge, 
and reaching far up the forehead ; nostrils 
nearly oval ; front bald ; toes four, long 
and furnished with broad scalloped mem- 
branes. There are twenty-five species. 
F. atra-coot, is distinguished from the galli- 
nule by pinnated feet. It inhabits Europe, 
Asia, and America, and is about the size of 
a small fowl. It feeds on small fish and 
water-insects, is common in some parts of 
this country at all seasons, but in the breed- 
ing season is seen almost always in pairs, 
about the borders of ponds and lakes well 
fringed with rushes, of which it mats itself a 
large nest, said to be often observed float- 
ing on the water. These birds are de- 
voured when young by the buzzards, which 
infest their haunts, and prevent them from 
that great multiplication which might be 
otherwise expected. Rallus crex, or the 
crake gallinule, is found in various parts of 
Europe, and is particularly abundant in 
Ireland, where it is supposed by Latham to 
winter. Wherever quails are, the crake is 
to be met with. It runs fast, but flies with 
great awkwardness, with its legs hanging 
down. Its food is grain and insects. On its 
arrival in England, where it is migratory, it 
is poor and emaciated, but fattens after- 
wards with great rapidity, and is esteemed 
excellent for the table. Its full weight is 
about eight ounces. 
F. porphyrio or the purple water hen, 
occurs in almost all the warmer latitudes of 
the globe. It is of the size of a fowl ; in 
Sicily is kept merely for its beauty, and in 
Persia exhibits its greatest elegance of 
plumage. It is tamed with great ease, and 
will feed very quietly in the farm-yard on 
grain or roots, but is particularly fond of 
fishes, which it plunges in the water before 
it takes them to its mouth. Standing on 
one leg it employs the other as a hand in 
many cases, particularly in lifting its food 
