FUL 
to its mouth, in the same manner as a par- 
rot. 
F. chloropus, or the common water-hen, 
is found in various parts of England, haunt- 
ing the borders of ponds and rivers, which 
abound in weeds, and breeding twice in a 
season. It flies aukwardly, but runs and 
swims well. Its flesh is thought excellent, 
and its general weight is about fifteen 
Ounces. Eallus Carolinus, or the American 
water-hen, is as large as a quail. In the be- 
ginning of autumn these birds are found in 
Virginia in extreme abundance. From a 
state of perfect leanness the.y speedily be- 
come so fat as to be incapable of flying, 
and are knocked off the reeds of the 
marshes by the paddles of the Indians, who 
make pleasurable excursions in their canoes 
for this purpose, and in the course of one 
night a party will take ten or twelve hun- 
dred of them. They are extremely admired 
for food, and supply part of the daily re- 
past of every planter during their short sea- 
son. Rallus parzana, or the spotted galli- 
nula, is found in Cumberland, and supposed 
to be migratory. It is fond of solitude, and 
unless in breeding time, almost always 
alone. Its haunts are similar to those of 
the common water-hen. Its nest is built in 
the form of a boat, and tied or fixed to 
reeds to prevent its being carried off by the 
water. Its young run as soon as they are 
hatched. For the great coot, see Aves, 
Plate VII. fig. 4. 
FULIGO, in botany, a genus of the 
Cryptogamia Fungi class and order. Fungus 
with a cellular fibrous bark ; the fibres pe- 
netrating in a reticulate manner through 
the seminal mass. 
FUELER, a workman employed in the 
woollen manufactories, to mill, or scour, 
cloths, serges, and other stuffs, iu order to 
render them more thick, compact, and 
durable. 
Fuller’s earth, in natural history, a soft, 
greyish, brown, dense, and heavy marie : 
when dry, it is of a greyish, ash-coloured 
brown, in all degrees from very pale to al- 
most black, and it has generally something 
of a greenish cast : it is very hard and firm, 
of a compact texture, of a rough and some- 
what dusty surface, that adheres slightly to 
the tongue : it is very soft to the touch, 
not staining the hands, nor breaking easily 
between the fingers : it has a little harsh- 
ness between the teeth, and melts freely 
in the mouth : thrown into water, it makes 
bo ebullition, or hissing, but swells gra- 
FUL 
dually in bulk, and falls into a fine soft 
powder. 
It is of great use in scouring cloths, stuffs, 
&e. imbibing all the grease and oil used in 
preparing, dressing, &c. of the wool. It 
does not effervesce with the acids : before 
the blow-pipe it melts with a brown spongy 
scoria : it consists of 
Silex 
, 51.8 
Alnmine 
, 25. 
Lime 
33 
Magnesia , 
. 0.7 
Oxide of iron., 
. 3.7 
Water 
, 15.5 
100.0 
Fuller’s earth is not now in so much re- 
quest in the country as it was formerly, 
owing to the almost general use of soap. In 
England it is found in beds, covered by, and 
resting upon, that peculiar sand-stone forma- 
tion, which accompanies and serves as the 
foundation to chalk : its colour is yellowish 
grey, with a faint tinge of green. It is 
found in Hampshire, Bedfordshire, and in 
Surrey. 
FULLING, the art or act of cleansing, 
scouring, and pressing cloths, stuffs, and 
stockings, to render them stronger, closer, 
and firmer ; called also milling. The fulling 
of cloths and other stuffs is performed by a 
kind of water-mill, thence called a fulling 
or scouring-mill. These mills, except in 
what relates to the mill-stones and hopper, 
are much the same with corn-mills: and 
there are even some which serve indiffe- 
rently for either use ; corn being ground, 
and cloths fulled, by the motion of the same 
wheel. Whence in some places, particu- 
larly in France, the fullers are called mil- 
lers ; as grinding corn and milling stuffs at 
the same time. The method of fulling 
cloths and woollen stuffs with soap is this : 
a coloured cloth is to be laid in the usual 
manner in the trough of a fulling mill, with- 
out first soaking it in water, as is commonly 
practised in many places. To full this 
trough of cloth, 15 pounds of soap are re- 
quired, one half of which is to be melted in 
two pails of river or spring water, made as 
hot as the hand can well bear it. This so- 
lution is to be poured by little and little 
upon the cloth, in proportion as it is laid in 
the trough ; and thus it is to be fulled for at 
least two hours ; after which it is to be 
taken out and stretched. This done, the 
cloth is immediately returned into the same 
