GAD 
ments to their preference of these situa- 
tions. They are abundant also on the 
southern and western coasts of Iceland, but 
proceed towards the south only in very 
diminished numbers, and are rarely seen in 
that direction beyond the Straights of Gib- 
raltar. Before the discovery of Newfound- 
land, in 1496, Iceland was the principal 
scene for the cod fishery, which was spee- 
dily after that event transferred to New- 
foundland, where it is conducted to such 
an extent, merely by the hook, baited 
with the herring and other small fishes, 
as to furnish employment for fifteen thou- 
sand British seamen, and to a more nu- 
merous portion of population at home, oc- 
cupied on the various articles of manufac- 
ture, indispensable for a concern of such 
vast extent and importance. 
C. aeglefinus, or the haddock, is distin- 
guished from every other species by its 
forked tail, and by having the lower jaw 
longer than the upper. These fishes abound 
in the northern seas, and are found at par- 
ticular seasons on particular coasts, to which 
they approach in shoals of several miles in 
length. On the coasts of Yorkshire they are 
particularly abundant in the season, which 
has been known to commence on the same 
day of the month in two successive years. 
Three men will not unfrequently, during 
the continuance of these fishes on the 
coast, take three tons of them in a day ; 
and they have been often sold to the poor 
for the low price of a half-penny a score. 
In stormy weather the haddock shelters it- 
self in the mud of the bottom. Its general 
length is eighteen inches, and weight, two 
pounds and a half. 
G. merlangus, or the whiting, is, generally, 
about twelve inches long, and is elegantly 
formed. It abounds in the northern seas, 
and is found in some parts of the Mediter- 
ranean. In the spring, whitings are caught 
on the British coasts in immense abun- 
dance, and they are considered by many as 
preferable for the table to every other 
species of the cod genus. Their favourite 
food consists of sprats and herrings. 
G. pollachius, or the pollack, is found in 
the Baltic and Northern seas, and on the 
coast of England also in vast shoals, dur- 
ing the summer, at which time these fishes 
are so prone to Catch at any thing on the 
surface of the water, that they may be 
caught only with a hook and feather. In 
the most boisterous and tempestuous wea-. 
ther they are strong enough to keep their 
situation, and resist the impetuosity of the 
GAD 
waves. Their general weight is from two 
to four pounds. 
G. merluccius, or the hake, is usually 
from one to two feet in length. It is found 
in the Mediterranean and Northern seas, 
and abounds on the English coast, and still 
more on that of Ireland ; and to the poor of 
these countries is a considerable article of 
food. Being, however, a coarse fish, it is 
rarely seen at the tables of the opulent. 
They feed principally on the mackrel and 
herring. On the coasts of Brittany an ex- 
tensive hake fishery is carried on, and al- 
most always by night. On the coast of 
Waterford six men would, in the course of 
a single night, take a thousand of these fishes 
with a rod and line. 
G. molva, or the ling (a word implying 
length) is generally from three to four feet 
in length, and has, occasionally, been seen 
of seven. These fishes are found in the 
depths of the North seas, and constitute a 
considerable article of merchandize in Great 
Britain itself. Great numbers are salted 
and preserved for home consumption, as 
well as for exportation, for the last of 
which it is required by statute, that in order 
to any persons being entitled to the bounty 
on sending them abroad, they should mea- 
sure twenty-two inches, exclusively of the 
head. During their continuance in season, 
their liver is white and oily, but as they 
decline, these qualities proportionably dimi- 
nish, and at length totally disappear. 
G. lota, or the burbot, is to be met with 
in various parts, both of Europe and Asia, 
frequenting clear streams and lakes. In 
the Trent and Witham rivers, and in the 
fens of Lincolnshire, it, is also highly abun- 
dant. Its food consists of almost all the 
smaller fishes, and also of worms and frogs. 
Its general weight is between two and 
three pounds, and it is regarded as excel- 
lent for the table. Its liver is particularly 
celebrated, as furnishing the most luxurious 
banquet. 
GADOLINITE, in mineralogy, a me- 
tallic fossil, first discovered by Dr. Gado- 
lin, from whom it is named ; it is also 
called yttriafrom Ytterby, where it is found : 
its colour is black, passing into brownish 
black ; it occurs massive, is shining, and its 
lustre is vitreous ; fracture conchoidal; it is 
hard, scratches quartz slightly, is opaque, 
brittle, and of a specific gravity 4.0.5 ; it 
attracts the magnetic needle. When pul- 
verized and heated with dilute nitric acid, it 
is converted into a yellowish-grey thick- 
jelly. It decrepitates before the blow pipe, 
