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men were not conquered by the Normans 
in the time of William I. 
The particular customs attending this 
tenure are, that the heir, at the age of fifteen, 
may give or sell his lands in gavelkind ; and 
though the father is attainted of treason and 
felony, and suffers death, the' son shall in- 
herit. A wife shall be endowed of a moiety 
of the gavelkind-lands, of which her husband 
died seised, during her widowhood. Like- 
wise a husband may be tenant by curtesy 
of half his wife’s lands, without having any 
issue by her ; but if he marries again, not 
having issue, he forfeits his tenancy. 
GAUGE-POINT, of a solid measure, the 
diameter of a circle, whose area is equal to 
the solid content of the same measure. Thus, 
the solidity of a wine-gallon being 231 cu- 
bic inches, if yon conceive a circle to contain 
so many inches, the diameter of it will be 
17.15; and that will be the gauge-point of 
wine-measure. And an ale-gallon, contain- 
ing 282 cubic inches, by the same rule, the 
gauge point for ale-measure will be found 
to be 19.15. After the same manner, may 
the gauge point of any foreign measure be 
obtained; and from hence may be drawn 
this consequence, that when the diameter 
of a cylinder, in inches, is equal to the 
gauge-point of any measure, given likewise 
in inches, every inch in length thereof will 
contain an integer of the same measure, 
c. gr. in a cylinder whose diameter is 17.15 
inches, every inch in height contains one 
entire gallon in wine measure ; and in ano- 
ther, whose diameter is 18.95 inches, every 
inch in length contains one ale-gallon. 
GAUGER, a king’s officer, who is ap- 
pointed to examine all tuns, pipes, hogs- 
heads, and barrels, of wine, beer, ale, oil, 
honey, &c. and give them a mark of allow- 
ance before they are sold in any place with- 
in the extent of his office. 
GAUGING, is the art of ascertaining the 
contents of casks, vats, and other regularly 
formed vessels, either in wine measure, 
which has 231 cubic inches to the gallon; 
in ale measure, which has 282 to the gal- 
lon ; or in corn measure, whichhas 2150.42 
cubic inches to the bushel. To find the 
contents of a vessel of a rectilinear form, 
you must ascertain the number of square 
inches on its surface, which being divided 
by the foregoing numbers (according as you 
use wine, ale, or com measure,) will give 
the contents in gallons. But in this we sup- 
pose the vessel to be only one inch in 
depth ; if more, the number of inches from 
the surface to the bottom must become a 
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second agent in the calculation. Thus, if a 
cooler be a parallelogram of 250 inches long, 
and 84.5' broad, these measurements being 
multiplied together, will give an area of 
21,125 inches, which being divided by 282, 
the number of inches in an ale gallon, the 
result will be 74.9 gallons : or if the pro- 
duct had been divided by .003546, the 
quotient would have been 74.90925, which 
is much the same. We have in this case 
supposed the area to have perpendicular 
sides, only one inch in depth. If the sides 
be six inches deep, the foregoing result, viz. 
7 4.9, should be multiplied by 6; which would 
then give 449.4 gallons to be the measure- 
ment of the cooler. Where the sides shelve 
in, as in most tubs, or project out, as in 
bell casks, regularly increasing or decreas- 
ing from the top to the bottom, the whole 
length at top, and the whole length at bot- 
tom must be added together, and be halved 
so as to give the medium length ; and the 
same to find a medium of the two breadths 
at top and bottom. These mediums being 
multiplied together will give an area, which 
being multiplied by the depth in filches 
will shew the tme contends, in either wine, 
ale, or corn measure, according to the divi- 
sor used. When the bottom shelves equally, 
the measurement at the cputre will be a true 
medium ; but if the bottom is uneven and 
irregular, you must take various measure- 
ments in different parts; then add the whole 
together, and divide by the number of mea- 
surements, or dips, and the quotient will, 
in general, be a fair medium. If the ves- 
sel is triangular, pentagonal, or anywise 
polyangular, the area must be ascertained 
by the ordinary rules in Geometry, which 
see. 
In circular vessels you must multiply the 
square of the diameter by .002785 for ale, 
or .003399 for wine : divide the former 
measure by 359.05, the latter by 294,12, 
and the quotients will be ale or wine gal- 
lons respectively. 
Where you have an oval vessel to mea- 
sure, ascertain the transverse or longest 
diameter, and the conjugate, or shortest 
diameter; multiply them together and di- 
vide as above. 
Prismatic vessels are measured according 
to the first explanation, and frustrated or 
pyramidical vessels are disposed of in the 
same manner as those whose side or sides 
regularly augment, or vice versa. Truncated 
cones, likewise, come under the same rule ; 
only treating their terminations as circles, 
instead of computing them as squares, or 
