GEL 
in proportion to the quantity of wood 
scooped from the interior face. 
GA5JLTHERIA, in botany, a genus of 
the Decandria Monogynia class and order. 
Natural order of Bicornes. Eric®, Jussieu. 
Essential character : calyx, outer two- 
leaved, inner five-cleft ; corolla ovate ; nec- 
tary with ten-dagger points ; capsule five- 
celled, covered with the inner calyx, now 
become a berry. There are two species. 
GAURA, in botany, a genus of the Oc- 
tandria Monogynia class and order. Natu- 
ral order of Caiycanthemas. Onagraa, Jus- 
sieu. Essential character : calyx four-cleft, 
tubulous ; corolla four-petalled, rising to- 
wards the upper side ; nut inferior, one- 
seeded, four-cornered. There is but one 
species. 
GAUZE, in commerce, a thin transpa- 
rent stuff, sometimes woven with silk, and 
sometimes only of thread. In preparing 
the silk for making gauze it is wound round 
a wooden machine six feet high, in the 
middle of which an axis is placed perpendi- 
cularly, with six large wings : on these the 
silk is wonnd.on bobbins by the revolution 
of the axis ; and, when it is thus placed 
round the mill it is taken off by means of 
another instrument, and wound on two 
beams. This is then passed through as 
many small beads as it has threads, and is 
thus rolled on another beam in order to 
supply the loom. Gauzes are either plain 
or figured; the latter are worked with 
flowers of silver or gold, on a silk ground ; 
and are chiefly imported from China. 
Gauzes of excellent quality have, of late 
years, been manufactured at Paisley. 
GAZELLA. See Antelope. 
GAZETTE, a newspaper, or printed 
account of the transactions of all the coun- 
tries in the known world, in a loose sheet, 
or half sheet. This name, is with us con- 
fine^ to that paper of news published by 
authority. 
The first gazette in England was publish- 
ed at Oxford, the court being there, Nov. 7, 
1665. On the removal of the court to 
London the gazette was published there. 
In this work are recorded all commissions 
and promotions in the army ; all state ap- 
pointments of consequence, with a variety 
of matters interesting to men of business 
and others. 
GAZONS, in fortification, pieces of fresh 
earth, covered with grass, and cut in form 
of a wedge, about a foot long, and half a 
foot thick, to line the outsides of works made 
of earth, as ramparts, parapets, &c. 
GELATINE, in chemistry, is one of the 
GEL 
constituent parts of animal substances. 
Glue, well known in many of the mechani- 
cal and other arts, is gelatine in a state of 
impurity, and may be obtained by repeat- 
edly washing the fresh skin of an animal in 
cold water, afterwards boiling it, and re- 
ducing it to a small quantity by slow evapora- 
tion, and allowing it to cool. It then assumes 
the form of jelly, and becomes hard and 
semi-transparent. Gelatine has neither taste 
nor smell ; it is soluble in hot acids and 
alkalies ; but there is no action between any 
of the earths and this substance. Some of 
the metallic oxides and salts form precipi- 
tates with gelatine in its solution in water, 
and the compound thus formed is insoluble. 
Gelatine forms a copious white precipitate 
with tan, which is brittle and insoluble in 
water, and is not changed by exposure to 
the air. It is composed of carbon, hydro- 
gen, azote, and oxygen, with small portions 
of phosphate of lime and of soda. It is 
a principal part both of the solid and fluid 
parts of animals, and is employed in the 
state of glue, size, and isinglass. See Glue: 
GELD, in our old customs, a Saxon 
word, signifying money, or tribute: also a 
compensation for some crime committed. 
See Gild. 
GELLIBRAND, (Henry) an industri- 
ous English mathematician and astrono- 
mer, was born at London in the year 
1597. When he was eighteen years of age 
he was admitted a commoner of Trinity Col- 
lege, in the university of Oxford, where, 
in the year 1619, he took his degree of 
B.A. At that time, Anthony Wood says, 
“ He was esteemed to have, no great matter 
in him;” but afterwards he conceived a 
strong inclination for the mathematics, upon 
accidentally hearing one of Sir Henry 
Saville’s lectures in that science, and applied 
to it with considerable diligence and suc- 
cess. Having taken orders, he settled for 
some time as a curate at Chiddingstone in 
Kent ; but his passion for mathematical 
studies determined him to quit that situa- 
tion, and to return to the University, where 
he might uninterruptedly pursue the bent 
of his mind, supported by the moderate 
private patrimony which descended to him 
on the death of his father. His sole atten- 
tion was now devoted to the mathematics, 
in which he made such proficiency, at the 
time of his taking his degree of M. A. in 
1623, that he attracted the notice and 
friendship of several able mathematicians 
who flourished at that time, particularly 
of the celebrated Henry Briggs, then 
Savillian professor of geometry at Oxford. 
