GLOBE. 
night with the other, &c. Lastly, as the 
globe stands, count down by the meridian 
the same degree of latitude south, and that 
will give the place of the antipodes of 
London, being diametrically under or op- 
posite to it: and so having all its times, 
both hours and seasons opposite, being day 
with the one when night with the other, 
and summer with the one when winter with 
the other. 
5. “ To find the distance of two places 
on the globe.” If the two places be either 
both on the equator, or both on the same 
meridian, the number of degrees in the 
distance between them, reduced into miles, 
at the rate of seventy English miles to the 
degree, (or more exact sixty-nine and one- 
fifth), will give the distance nearly. But 
in any other situations of the two places, 
lay the quadrant of altitude over them, and 
the degrees counted upon it, from the one 
place to the other, and turned into miles 
as above, will give the distance in this case. 
6. “ To find the ditference in the time 
of the day at any two given places, and 
thence the difference of longitude.” Bring 
one of the places to the meridian, and set 
the hour index to twelve at noon; then 
turn the globe till the other place comes 
to the meridian, and the index will point 
out the difference of time ; then by allow- 
ing fifteen degrees to every hour, or one 
degree to four minutes of time, the differ- 
ence of longitude will be known. Or the 
difference of longitude may be found with- 
out the time, thus : 
First bring the one place to the meridian, 
and note the degree of longitude on the 
equator cut by it ; then do the same by the 
other place ; which gives the longitudes of 
the two places ; then subtracting the one 
number of degrees from the other, gives the 
difference of longitude sought. 
7. “ The time being known at any given 
place, as suppose London, to find what 
hour it is in any other part of the world.” 
Bring the given place, London, to the 
meridian, and set the index to the given 
hour; then turn the globe till the other 
place come to the meridian, and look at 
what hour the index points, which will be 
the time sought. 
8. “ To find the sun’s place in the 
ecliptic, and also on the globe, at any given 
time.” Look into the calendar on the 
wooden horizon for the month and day of 
the month proposed, and immediately op- 
posite stands the sign and degree which 
the sun is in on that day. Then in the 
ecliptic drawn upon the globe, look for 
the same sign and degree, and that will 
be the place of the sun required. 
9. “ To find at what place on the earth 
the sun is vertical, at a given moment of 
time at another place, as suppose London.” 
Find the sun’s place on the globe by the 
last problem, and turn the globe about till 
that place come to the meridian, and note 
the degree of the meridian just over it. 
Then turn the globe till the given place, 
London, come to the meridian, and set the 
index to the given moment of time. Lastly, 
turn the globe till the index points to 
twelve at noon ; then the place of the earth, 
or globe, which stands under the before 
noted degree, has the sun at that moment 
in the zenith. 
10. “ To find how long the sun shines 
without setting, in any given place in the 
frigid zones.” Subtract the degrees of 
latitude of the given place from ninety, 
which gives the complement of the latitude, 
and count the number of this complement 
upon the meridian from the equator to- 
wards the pole, marking that point of the* 
meridian ; then turn the globe round, and 
carefully observe what two degrees of the 
ecliptic pass exactly under the point mark- 
ed on the meridian. Then look for the 
same degrees of the ecliptic on the wooden 
horizon, and just opposite to them stand 
the months and days of the months corres- 
ponding, and between which two days the 
sun never sets in that latitude. 
If the beginning and end of the longest 
night be required, or the period of time in 
which the sun never rises at that place ; 
count the same complement of latitude 
towards the south or farthest pole, and 
then the rest of the work will be the same 
in all respects as above. 
Note, that this solution is independent of 
the horizontal refraction of the sun, which 
raises him rather more than half a degree 
higher, by that means making the day so 
much longer, and the night the shorter; 
therefore in this case, set the mark on the 
meridian half a degree higher up towards 
the north pole, than what the complement 
of latitude gives ; then proceed with it as 
before, and the more exact time and length 
of the longest day and night will be found. 
11. “ A place being given in the torrid 
zone, to find on what two days of the year 
the sun is vertical at that place.” Turn the 
globe about till the given place come to 
the meridian, and note the degree of the 
meridian it comes under. Next turn the 
