GRAMMAR. 
but that such is the present force. The 
dependent clause may be joined to the 
principal, either by simple juxtaposition, or 
by means of a connecting particle, or lastly 
by a word including the force of a connec- 
tive particle. Instances of the first are, 
The ship he commanded was wrecked, and, 
The man that (i. e. that man) loves wisdom 
shall find her : in both of which the de- 
pendent clause is connected in that natural 
manner which is frequently adopted in our 
simple language to express connexion in 
ideas; and in the same manner the early 
Greek writers employ their definite article 
for their relative. As an instance of the 
second kind we may adduce this mode 
of expression ; A man if he do not love 
truth cannot be virtuous : in which the 
dependent clause is joined by a connective, 
though of a less general kind than what is 
implied in the relative'. This last mode is 
the most general, and cn the whole the 
most useful, because most general and 
least ambiguous. Without venturing to 
assert that who essentially differs in its 
original signification from that, it certainly 
does now include more signification ; and 
that additional signification we think to be 
what is expressed by and, so that, Every 
man who loves truth hates falsehood, means, 
Every man and lie loves truth, hates false- 
hood, i. e. as Mr. H. Tooke has shewn us, 
Every man add (this circumstance) he loves 
truth, &c. 
IV. Of the Verb. 
29. As we do not profess to consider the 
theory of grammar in general, we have 
not much occasion to enlarge respecting 
this important sort of words ; for our lan- 
guage, simple in most of its procedures, 
is here almost at the verge of simplicity. 
Some languages have a great variety of 
changes in the form of the verb to denote 
the subject of affirmation, and the mode 
and time in which the affirmation is to be 
taken: we have only four, and of those 
three are to say the least in no way neces- 
sary. We have already said enough res- 
pecting the nature of the verb (§ 10.) to 
render it unnecessary to recur again to 
that point, and we shall here direct the at- 
tention of our readers to the modes of sig- 
nification assumed by the English verb : 
only repeating, that the verb is a word 
which when preceded by a noun or pro- 
noun, or by what may be represented by 
it expresses affirmation. In English and 
in other languages, words appropriated to 
express affirmation are often used without 
any such force : in such cases it might in 
some respects be more scientific to cease 
to give them the appellation of verbs, but 
it would be inconvenient in practice, and 
we prefer speaking of them as in the noun- 
state of the verb; so in the expressions, 
Eat this, and He dares not eat it, eat is 
in the noun-state. 
30. To denote that • name was appro- 
priated to be used as a verb, our ancestors 
added a distinguishing termination, like all 
other common terminations, almost certainly 
significant in its original state. Why that was 
dropped does not appear : but since it was 
dropped the verb in many instances ceases to 
have any thing in its form to distinguish it 
from the noun, and in a great variety of 
instances it is used exactly as a noun. It 
is true, it is generally, when in the noun- 
state preceded by the particle to ; hut in 
most instances to is used in its most cus- 
tomary sense, and in the few instances in 
which it seems to have merely the force of 
the Anglo-Saxon termination, it has a sense 
equally accordant witli the original force 
of the word. Mr. H. Tooke has shewn that 
to (as well as do which is certainly the same 
word), is a particle of a gothic substantive 
signifying act, effect, and we presume object ; 
now when we say, I am going to walk, to 
shows that walk (which is still the name of 
an action) is the object of my going : hut 
when we say, To walk is healthful, to desig- 
nates the word following as the name of 
an action, and tiie expression means, the 
act (viz.) walk is healthful. We must how- 
ever admit, that the use of to before the 
noun-state of verbs, does not seem to he 
in every case consistent with its meaning ; 
but such cases may fairly be referred to 
the general tendency there is to lose sight 
of the original force of words, in the stress 
laid on them in particular cases, or in the 
mode of their employment in particular 
cases ; and hence by degrees to extend the 
employment of them to similar cases with- 
out reference to their primary signification. 
31. The infinite mood, as it is commonly 
called, is the verb, divested of its peculiar 
force, viz. of affirmation, and uncompound- 
ed with those words which render it expres- 
sive of person, number, &c. and in the 
modem languages of time; but it seems 
erroneous to consider this as the funda- 
mental form of the verb, where it has any 
distinguishing termination : it is then the 
noun-state of the word with a termination 
added to it, to show that it is to he employ- 
ed as a verb. Thus in the Anglo-Saxon 
