» 
GRAMMAR. 
and niust and let, which are unvaried. Do 
in its present use is merely emphatic ; and 
assists in producing a discrimination which 
cannot be denoted in other languages ; but 
from its general resemblance to the other 
auxiliaries we have mentioned it among them. 
It is obviously the same word, both in ap- 
pearance and in force, with the word do, 
when not employed as an auxiliary. Shall 
signifies owe, and was formerly used as a sim- 
ple verb. Will we use at present as a simple 
verb. These two words are employed as 
the principal denotements of future time ; 
and though their original signification has in 
some degree yielded to that with which 
custom has invested them, the former is 
usually to be traced. May signifies to be 
able. Can signifies to know, to ken, and 
thence to be able. These words are all em- 
ployed as auxiliaries, in their past as well 
as present tenses. Must signifies to be 
obliged. Let is the noun-state imperative of 
to let, signifying to permit. Have as an 
auxiliary has the same force with the simple 
verb ; it means to possess. How this mean- 
ing is preserved in the complex expression 
I have loved, or similar cases, we shall see in 
what will be said respecting the partied, 
pie. 
35. We have an abbreviated mode of ex- 
pression in English, which lias given some 
trouble to the grammarian, but is now pret- 
ty well understood, the subjunctive mode, or 
future contingent form. This arises from 
the omission of the future auxiliary shall or 
will after words which render the affirma- 
tion contingent : thus, instead of saying, If 
thou shalt or shouldst love, we may say, If 
thou love. In all odier cases in which affir- 
mation is made, we say the verb is in the 
indicative mood. On this mood we have 
only to make one remark, respecting the 
interrogative employment of it. In inter- 
rogations we may simply state the thing, or 
the assertion respecting which we require 
information, leaving our wishes to be infer- 
red by the reader from the connection, or 
some word or mark of interrogation, or by 
the hearer from a variation in our tone ; or, 
which is certainly preferable, we may make 
such a change in the order of the words as 
may leave our meaning out of doubt. This 
is effected in our own language by putting 
the subject after the verb ; but this is not to 
be considered as making any change on the 
mode of its signification, but merely as in- 
dicating to the eye or ear the wish of the 
speaker to gain information respecting the 
affirmation, ' ’ • , 
V. Of the Participle. 
36. Participles are formed from verbs, 
generally by the addition of terminations, 
originally without doubt expressive, but 
now ceasing to have in themselves con- 
sidered any force. What their original 
force was will probably be shown 11 s in 
future conversations at Purley ; their pre- 
sent force is all into which we can as yet 
enter. Those participles which are formed 
by the addition of ing to the noun-state of 
the verb, express a continued state of the 
verbal denotement ; and as it is frequently 
implied that what is meant by the verb is 
being continued at sometime referred to, 
they are called present participles. Those 
which are formed by the addition of ed or 
en to the noun-state, or by some change in 
the characteristic letters of the verb, usually 
denote the completed state of what is meant 
by the verb : hence they are called perfect 
participles, or sometimes, with less pro- 
priety, past or passive participles. There 
does not seem to be any material difficulty 
attending the employment of these words, 
except in the case where a perfect partici- 
ple is employed after the verb have, as, I 
have learned my lesson. It has been sup- 
posed that this means, I possess the finished 
act of learning my lesson; we think it more 
probable that it means, I possess my lesson 
in that state which is called learned; in 
which case it is exactly equivalent to the 
Latin habere, followed by a participle in 
agreement with a noun. We readily admit 
that by, I have learned it, there is an in- 
ference brought into view which is not bv, 
I have it learned ; but it seems to be merely 
the inference of custom, not resulting from 
any essential difference in the mode of ex- 
pression. 
VI, Of the Adverb. 
37. We have already given a general 
account of the class of words called ad- 
verbs. Those to which our definition will 
apply, and to which alone the term should be 
appropriated, are principally adnouns with 
or without nouns connected with them ; 
others are prepositions with nouns follow- 
ing them ; and the remainder are participles. 
The chief class of adverbs are those which 
end in ly ; which termination is an abbre- 
viation of the adnoun now spelt like, which 
is still frequently used by our northern 
neighbours as we use ly ; thus, for wisely, 
they say iviselike. Of this class, a large 
proportion are formed by adding ly to 
adnouns ; another set by adding the ternii,- 
