GRAMMAR. 
nation to nouns, as manly, early (from aeji, 
morning) See. ; and these last are also used 
as adnouns. Abed, aboard, ashore, &c. ; and 
perchance, perhaps, are. prepositions with 
nouns ; a signifying on, in, or at, and per be- 
ing the Latin preposition. Why, how, &c. 
seem to be restrietives, their nouns being 
understood ; as, why signifying what, cause 
or reason being understood ; how ^signifying 
which, way or manner being understood. 
Several adverbs besides those before-men- 
tioned ending in ly, are used either as ad- 
nonns or adverbs ; such as well, ill, much, 
worse, better, &c.; in all such cases it must 
be remembered that not the manner of sig- 
nification, but merely the manner of em- 
ployment, is changed. On the origin of 
most of those adverbs which are less ob- 
viously formed from other sorts of words, 
Mr. H. Tooke has thrown great light; some 
of his derivations we' may briefly state, 
but our limits will not allow of our doing 
more. The. following are past participles 
of Anglo-Saxon verbs : ago signifying gone 
(time) ; adrift signifies driven ; asunder 
means separated; fain, rejoiced; lief, be- 
loved ; astray, strayed or scattered. Needs 
is need-is, used parenthetically. Belike is 
by lykke, by chance. Aloft is on or in lyft, 
i. e. the air, clouds, &c. Much is from mo, 
a heap; and is merely the diminutive of this 
word; passing through the gradual changes 
of mokel, mykel, mochil, muchel (still used 
in Scotland), moche, much. Rather is the 
comparative of rath, swift. Quickly is 
quicklike, epic, a past participle signifying 
' enlivened ; and it means in a lifelike or lively 
manner. Very is merely the French ad- 
jective vrai, anciently written veray, from 
the Latin verus. Some words usually class- 
ed with adverbs, seem to have no common 
link of union with the genuine adverb ; such 
are yes, aye, yea, and no: indeed Mr. H. 
Tooke speaks of this class of words as the 
common sink and repository of all hetero- 
geneous, unknown corruptions. Aye, or 
yea, is the imperative of a verb of northern 
extraction, and means have it ; and yes is 
ay-es, have that. Not (a genuine adverb) 
and no, its derivative, have their origin in 
the word from which arise the Dutch noode, 
node, no, meaning averse, unwilling. 
VII. Of the Connective. 
39. The precise nature of the words 
usually denominated conjunctions and pre- 
positions, was very little known, and not 
generally even suspected, till the publica- 
tion of the “ Diversions of Pul ley since 
that time, though philologists do not seem 
willing to admit, in all cases, the correct- 
ness of Mr. H. Tooke’s derivations, yet his 
general principle is, we suppose, universally 
considered as completely established. Be- 
fore his discoveries, it was the common 
opinion respecting the conjunction, that it 
is “ a part of speech void of signification it- 
self, but so formed as to help signification, 
by making two or more significant sen- 
tences to be one significant sentence ;” and 
respecting the preposition, that it is “ a part 
of speech, devoid itself of signification, but 
so formed as to unite two words that are 
significant, and that refuse to coalesce or 
unite of themselves.” Our limits will not 
allow us to enter here into the arguments 
against these definitions, and the doctrine 
on which they are founded, nor indeed is 
it necessary ; for, like the doctrine of in- 
stincts in mental philosophy, it solely de- 
pends on an appeal to ignorance, and falls 
to the ground when a probable account 
is given of those procedures which it is 
supposed to explain. The distinction be- 
tween prepositions and conjunctions we 
consider as merely technical, referring to 
the grammatical usage of employing the 
objective form of pronouns after the former, 
and not after the latter, unless there be 
some word understood which requires it: 
for it will be obvious to any one that some 
conjunctions are still used “ to unite words” 
as well as sentences, and that some prepo- 
sitions are still used to unite sentences. 
The general principle before referred to is, 
“ that all those words which are usually 
termed conjunctions or prepositions, are 
the abbreviations or corruptions of nouns 
or verbs, and are still employed with a 
sense (directly) referable to that which 
they bore when in the acknowledged form 
of nouns or verbs.” We believe this to be 
a correct statement of Mr. Tooke’s theory ; 
to adapt it to our own arrangements we 
must include our adjectives under the term 
nouns, and our participles under the term 
verbs: and in addition to this remark, 
which is merely verbal, we must add, that 
in some instances this great philologist ap- 
pears to have too much overlooked a pro- 
cedure w'hich meets us in various stages of 
language, viz. that among the ideas connect- 
ed with a word, that which was originally 
of primary importance, becomes, by acci- 
dental circumstances in the mode of ap- 
plication, secondary only, and sometimes 
by degrees is altogether lost from the view 
