. GRAMMAR. 
of the mind, giving place to others with’ 
which, from some cause or other, the word 
lias been associated. 
40. We now proceed to lay before our 
readers some specimens of the derivations 
and explanations given by Mr. H. Tooke. 
That is frequently termed a conjunction ; 
it is sometimes termed a pronoun ; we class 
it with the retrictives: but under whatever 
name it is known, its use and signification 
is the same. The differences supposed to 
be perceived in them arise simply from un- ( 
noticed ellipses or abbreviations of con- 
struction. If it be remembered that that 
was originally applicable to nouns of both 
numbers, no difficulty will be found by any 
intelligent reader in analysing sentences in 
which it occurs as a pronoun: in cases 
where it is used as a conjunction, the fol- 
lowing analyses will serve as a sufficient 
clue. “ 1 wish you to believe that I would 
not hurt a fly.’’ Resolution ; I would not 
hurt a fly, I wish you to believe that (asser- 
tion.) “ Thieves rise by night that they 
may cut men’s throats.” Resolution; Thieves 
may cut men’s throats, (for) that (purpose) 
they rise by night. If (formerly written 
gif ) is merely the imperative of the Gothic 
and Anglo Saxon verb gifan to give. In 
Sco'land and the northern counties of 
England gin is used in place of if; and gin 
is merely the past participle given abbre- 
viated. Hence I will read if (or gin ) 
you will listen, means, give (or this given ) 
that you will listen, I will read : and it 
cannot be unknown to the classical reader 
that the imperative da is used in exactly 
the same manner. An, now nearly obso- 
lete, is the imp. of anan to grant. Un- 
less (formerly sometimes written onles ) is 
the imp. of onlesan, to send away. From 
alesan comes the imperative else; and 
from lesan the past participle lest; both 
verbs meaning the same with onlesan. From 
the same source come less and least, the 
privative termination less, the verbs loosen, 
lose, lessen, &c. Yet is the imperative of 
getan, to get ; and still, of stillan, to put. 
Though (in some counties still pronounced 
thaf, thof ), is the imperative of thafian, to 
allow or grant. But is now corruptly 
employed for two words, hot and but: boi 
is the imperative of boian , to boot, to add 
in order to supply a deficiency ; but, of 
beon-utan, to be-ont, and has the same sig- 
nification as without. But properly re- 
quires a negative in construction with it, 
as I saw none but him ; but it is often 
omitted, as, I saw but two plants. With- 
out is the imp. of wyrthan-utan, to be- 
out. And is the imp. of anan-ad, to heap, 
or add. Formerly four different sets of 
words were used where now since is used, 
and it is now taken four ways : 1. For 
siththan, sithence, or seen and thenceforwards; 
as, It has not been done since the reign of 
John. 2. For syne, sene, or seen; as, Did 
George II. live before or since that ex- 
ample. 3. For stand, seeing, seeing as, or 
seeing that ; as, I should labour for truth 
since no effort is lost. 4. For siththe, sith, 
seen-as, or seen-that ; as. Since death in the 
end takes from all. Sithence and sith were 
in good use till the time of tire Stuarts. So 
and as are articles meaning the same as it, 
that or which. As be sows, so he will reap, 
with the ellipses supplied is, (In) what 
(manner) he sows, (in) that lie will reap, 
or even without supplying them, What he 
sows, that he will reap. 
41. Prepositions, to use the ideas of Mr. 
Tooke, are neqessary in language, because 
it is impossible to have a distinct complex 
term for each different collection of ideas 
which we have occasion to put together in 
discourse. By the aid of prepositions, 
complex ternjs are prevented from being 
indefinitely numerous, and are used only for 
those collections of ideas which we have 
most occasion to qse. This end is thus 
answered : we either take that complex 
term which includes the greatest number, 
though not all of the ideas we would com- 
municate, or else that which includes all 
and the fewest more ; and then by the help 
of the preposition we either make up the de- 
ficiency in the one case, or retrench the su- 
perfluity in the other : so, a house with a 
party wall ; a house without a roof. Other 
relations are declared by prepositions ; but 
they have all meanings of their own, and 
are constantly used according to those 
meanings. With is tiie imperative of withan, 
to join : sometimes of wyrthan, to be ; in 
which case it is exactly the same with by. 
Through or thorough is the Gothic substan- 
tive dauro, or the Teutonic thuruh ,. and like 
them means door, gate, passage : so, through 
the air, is, passage the air, or the air being 
the passage or medium. From is the Anglo- 
Saxon noun frum, beginning, source, author. 
Of this word Harris produces three ex- 
amples, which he considers as proving that 
it is used in three different relations, viz. 
detached relation, quiescence, and motion, 
the last two being contradictory: these figs 
come from Turkey ; the lamp hangs from 
the ceiling ; the lamp falls from the 
