GRA 
hereditaments, as lands and houses, are said 
to be in livery ; and the others, as advow- 
sans, commons, services, rents, reversions, 
and the like, lie in grant. He that grant- 
eth is termed the grantor ; and lie to whom 
the grant is made is termed the grantee. 
A grant differs from a gift in this ; that gifts 
are always gratuitous, grants are upon some 
consideration or equivalent. The operative 
words in grants are dedi et concessi, “ l have 
given and granted.” Grants may be void 
by incertainty, impossibility, being against 
law, or a wrong title, to defraud creditors, 
&c. Grants of the King are by letters pa- 
tent, and are void when obtained by mis- 
take or deceit apparent, or for an estate 
which cannot be granted, such as an estate 
to a man and his heirs male, without saying 
of his body ; because it is neither an estate 
in fee nor in tail. 
GRANULATION, in chemistry, tie 
process by which a metal is reduced into 
grains, which is effected by melting the 
metal, and then pouring it in a very slender 
stream into cold water. As soon as the metal 
comes in contact with water it divides into' 
drops, whifch have a tendency to a spherical 
shape, and arc more or less perfect, accord- 
ing to the thinness of the stream ; the 
height from which it fails, and the tempera- 
ture of the metal. Some of the more fusi- 
ble metals may he reduced to much finer 
grains, by pouring it in its melted state into 
a wooden box, rubbed over with chalk, and 
shaking it violently before it has time to 
become solid. 
GRAPE. SeeViTis. Grapes have been re- 
peatedly examined by the bestinformed che- 
mists and most accurate tests, but without that 
success which might have been expected. 
They are found to contain much sugar, a 
portion of mucilage and jelly, some albu- 
men and colouring matter.' 'Tartrate of 
potash, tartaric acid; the citric and ma- 
lic acids have likewise been discovered in 
them. 
GRAPHIC gold. See Tellubium. 
Graphic stone. See Granite, 
GRAPHITES, a mineral principally of 
carbon, with a small portion of iron and si- 
lica. When pure it burns with a reddish 
flame, emitting beautiful sparks, and a 
smell of sulphur. Its specific gravity is 
about 2. ; it feels somewhat greasy, stains 
the fingers, and marks strongly. It is a true 
carburet of iron, of which there are several 
species : one is plumbago, or black leal, so 
GRA 
useful in the form of pencils. It con- 
sists of 
Carbon 90 
Iron to 
10 0 
GRA PHO METER, a mathematical in- 
strument, otherwise called a semi-circle, 
the use of which is to observe any angle, 
whose vertex is at the centre of the instru- 
ment in any plane (though it is most com- 
monly horizontal, or nearly so) and to find 
how many degrees it contains. 
The graphometer is a graduated semi- 
circle, ABC, (see Plate VI. Miscel. fig. 5, 
6, 7) made of wood, brass, or the like, and 
so fixed on a fulcrum, G H, by means of a 
brass hall and socket, that it easily turns 
about, and retains any situation It has 
two sights fixed on its diameter, A C, and 
at the centre there is commonly a magne- 
tical needle and compass in a box. There 
is likewise a moveable ruler or index, E D, 
with two sights, P, P, which turns round the 
centre, and retains any situation given it. 
To measure by tiiis instrument an angle, 
A C B, in any plane, and comprehended 
between the right lines, A C and B C, 
drawn from two points, A and B, to the 
place of station, C. Let tiie graphome- 
ter be placed at C, supported by its ful- 
crum ; and let the immovable sights on the 
diameter of the instrument, D E, be directed 
towards the point, A ; and likewise while 
the instrument remains immoveable, let the 
sights of the ruler, F G, which is moveable 
about the centre, C, be directed to the 
point, B. Now it is evident, that the 
moveable ruler cuts off an arch, D H, 
which is the measure of the angle, A C B, 
sought. Moreover, by the same method, 
the inclination of D E, or of F G, may be 
observed with the meridian line, which is 
pointed out by the magnetic needle inclosed 
in the box, and moveable about the centre 
of the instrument. 
GRAPNELS, a sort of anchors with 
four flukes, serving for boats to ride by. 
There is also a kind called fire and chain- 
grapnels, made with four barbed claws, in- 
stead of flukes, and used to catch hold of 
the enemy’s rigging, or any other part, ini 
order for boarding them. 
A fire grapnel, in some respects, resem- 
bles the former, but differing in the con- 
struction of its flukes, which are furnished 
with strong barbs on its points. Fire grap- 
