HAR 
should be furnished with a good light-house, 
and have at command plenty of wood and 
other materials for firing, besides hemp, 
iron, &c. 
Harbour master, an officer appointed 
to inspect the moorings, and to see that the 
laws and regulations of the harbour are 
strictly attended to by the different ships. 
HARDNESS, in physiology, is the re- 
sistance opposed by a body to the separa- 
tion of its particles. This property de- 
pends on the force of cohesion, or on that 
which, chemists call affinity, joined to the 
arrangement of the particles to their figure 
and other circumstances. A body, says M. 
Hauy, is considered more hard in proportion 
as it presents greater resistance to the fric- 
tion of another hard body, such as a steel 
file ; or as it is more capable of wearing 
or working into such other body to which 
it may be applied by friction. Lapidaries 
judge of the hardness of fine stones, £cc. 
from the difficulty with which they are 
worn down or polished. 
HARE. See Lepus. 
HARIOT, or Heriot, in law, a due 
belonging to a lord at the death of his te- 
nant, consisting of the best beast, either 
horse, ox, or cow, which he had at the time 
of his death ; and in some manors, the 
best goods, piece of plate, &c. are called 
hariots. 
There is both hariot-service, and hariot- 
custom : when a tenant holds by service 
to pay a hariot at his decease, which is 
expressly reserved in the deed of feof- 
ment, this is a hariot service ; and where 
hariots have been customarily paid time 
out of mind after the death of a tenant for 
life, this is termed hariot custom. For 
hariot-service, the lord may distrain any 
beast belonging to the tenant that is on the 
land. For hariot-custom, the lord is to 
seise not distrain ; but he may seise the best 
beast that belonged to the tenant, though 
it be out of the manor, or in the king’s high- 
way, because he claims it as his proper 
goods by the death of his tenant. Never- 
theless where a woman marries and dies, 
the lord shall have no hariot-custom, be- 
cause a feme-covert has no goods to pay as 
a hariot. 
HARMATTAN, the name given to a 
singular wind which blows periodically from 
the interior parts of Africa towards the At- 
lantic ocean. It prevails in December, 
January, and February, and is generally 
accompanied with a fog or haze that con- 
ceals the sun for whole day’s together. 
HAR 
Extreme dryness is the characteristic of 
this wind : no dew falls during its continu- 
ance, which is sometimes for a fortnight or 
more. The whole vegetable creation is 
withered, and the grass becomes at once 
like hay. The natives take the opportunity 
which this wind gives them of clearing the 
land by setting fire to trees and plants in this 
their exhausted state. The dryness is so ex- 
treme that household furniture is damaged, 
and the wainscot of the rooms flies to 
pieces. The human body is also affected 
by it, so as to cause the skin to peel off, 
but in other respects it is deemed salutary 
to the constitution, by stopping the pro- 
gress of infection, and curing almost all 
cutaneous diseases. 
HARMONICA, or armonica, is a name 
which Dr. Franklin has given to a musical 
instrument constructed with drinking- 
glasses. It is well known that a drinking- 
glass yields a sweet tone, by passing a wet 
finger round its brim. Mr. Pockrich, of 
Ireland, was the first who thought of play- 
ing tunes formed of these tones. He col- 
lected a number of glasses of different sizes, 
fixed them near each other on a table, and 
tuned them by putting into them water, 
more or less, as each note required. Mr. 
Delaval made an instrument in imitation, 
and from this instrument Dr. Franklin took 
the hint of constructing his Armonica. The 
glasses for this musical instrument are 
blown as nearly as possible in the form of 
hemispheres, having each an open neck or 
socket in the middle. The thickness of 
the glass near the brim is about one tenth 
of au inch, increasing towards the neck, 
which in the largest glasses is about an inch 
deep, and an inch and a half wide within ; 
but these dimensions lessen as the size of 
the glasses diminish, only observing that 
the neck of the smallest should not be 
shorter than half an inch. The diameter 
of the largest glass is nine inches, and that 
of the smallest three inches : between these 
there are twenty-three different sizes, dif- 
fering from each other a quarter of an inch 
in diameter. For making a single instru- 
ment there should be at least six glasses 
blown of each size, and out of these thirty- 
seven glasses (which are sufficient for three 
octaves with all the semitones) may be 
found, that will either yield the note re- 
quired, or one a little sharper, and fitting 
so well into each other, as to taper regular- 
ly from the largest to the smallest. The 
glasses being chosen, and the note for 
which each glass is intended being marked 
