* 
H A T 
which lies parallel to the notched side, 
forming an angle somewhat Jike a carpen- 
ter’s square. When the. legs of this angle 
are applied to the outside of the crown, and 
the board lies flat on the rim of tlic hat, the 
notched edge will lie nearly in the direc- 
tion of the radius or line pointing to the 
centre of the hat. A knife being, therefore, 
inserted in one of the notches, it is easy to 
draw it round by leaning the tool against 
the crown, and it will cut the border very 
regular and true. This cut is made before 
the hat is quite finished, and is not carried 
entirely through, so that one of the last ope- 
rations consists in tearing off the redundant 
part, which by that means leaves an edging 
of beaver round the external face ot the 
flap. When the hat is completely finished, 
the crown is tied up in gauze paper, which 
is neatly ironed down. It is then ready 
for the subsequent operations of lining, &e. 
Hats are also made for women’s wear, of 
chips, straw, or cane, by platting, and sew- 
ing the plats together; beginning with the 
centre of the crown, and working round 
till the whole is finished. Hats for the same 
purpose are also wove and made of horse- 
hair, silk, &c. See Straw hat. 
HATCHEL, or Hitcher, a tool with 
which flax and hemp are combed into fine 
hairs. It consists of long iron pins, or teeth, 
regularly set in a piece of board. 
HATCHES, in a ship, a kind of trap- 
doors between the main-mast and fore mast, 
through which all goods of bulk are let 
down into the hold. 
Hatches also denote flood-gates set in 
a river, &c. to stop the current of the wa- 
ter ; particularly certain darns or mounds 
made of rubbish, clay, or earth, to prevent 
the water that issues from the stream-works 
and tin-washes in Cornwall, from running 
iutg the fresh rivers. 
HATCHWAY, the place where the 
hatches are. Thus, to lay a thing in the 
hatchway, is to put it so, that the hatches 
cannot be become at, or opened. 
HATCHING, the maturating fecundated 
eggs, whether by the incubation and warmth 
of the parent bird, or by artificial heat, so 
as to produce young chickens alive. 
The art of hatching chickens by means 
of ovens, has long been practised in Egypt ; 
but it is there only known to the inhabitants 
of a single village named Berme, and to 
those that live at a small distance from it. 
Towards the beginning of autumn they 
scatter themselves all over the country, 
yvhere each person among them is ready to 
HAW 
undertake the management of an oven, 
each of which is of a different size, but in 
general they are capable of containing from 
forty to fourscore thousand eggs. The num- 
ber of these ovens placed up and down the 
country is about three hundred and eighty- 
six, and they usually keep them working 
for about six months. As, therefore, each 
brood takes up in an oven, as under a hen, 
only twenty-one days, it is easy in every 
one' of them to hatch eight different broods 
of chickens. Every Bermean is under the 
obligation of delivering to the person who 
intrusts him with an oven, only two-thirds 
of as many chickens as there have been eggs 
put under his care ; and he is a gainer by 
this bargain, as more than two-thirds of the 
eggs usually produce chickens. In order 
to make a calculation of the number of 
chickens yearly so hatched in Egypt, it lias 
been supposed that only two-thirds of the 
eggs are hatched, and that each brood cor- * 
sists of at least thirty thousand chickens ; 
and thus it would appear that the ovens of 
Egypt give life yearly to at least ninety-two 
millions six hundred and forty thousand ot 
these animals. 
HATCHMENT, in heraldry, a name 
sometimes used for an achievement, or es- 
cutcheon over a gate, door, or on the side of 
an house. 
Hatchment, also signifies the marshal- 
ling of several coats of arms in an escut- 
cheon. 
HAUL the wind, in naval affairs, to di- 
rect the ship’s course nearer to that point 
of the compass from which the wind arises. 
Example. If a ship sail south-west, - ith the. 
wind northerly, and it is necessary to haul 
the wind farther to the westward : to per- 
form this operation, it is necessary to ar- 
range the sails more obliquely with her 
keel; to brace the yards more forward, 
and to haul the lower sheets farther aft, and 
finally to put the helm over the larboard- 
side of the vessel. When her head is turned 
directly to the westward, and her sails are 
trimmed accordingly, she is said to have 
hauled the wind four points, that is to say, 
from south-west to west. 
HAUTBOY, a musical instrument of the 
wind kind, shaped much like the flute, only 
that it spreads and widens towards the bot- 
tom, and is sounded through a reed. See 
Music. 
HAW finch, in ornithology, the English 
name of a bird, known among authors by 
the name coccothraustcs, See Aves, Plate 
VIII. fig. 6. 
