II EL 
called googings, and are furnished with a 
large hole on the after-part of the stern- 
post. The other parts of the hinges, which 
are bolted to the back of the rudder, are 
called pintles, being strong cylindrical pins, 
which enter into the googings and rest upon 
them. The length and thickness of the 
rudder is nearly equal to that ot the stern- 
post. The rudder is turned upon its hinges 
by means of a long bar of timber called the 
tiller, which is fixed horizontally in its upper 
end within the vessel. The movements of 
the tiller, to the right and left, accordingly 
direct the efforts of the rudder to the 
government of the ship’s course as she ad- 
vances ; which, in the sea language, is called 
steering. The operations of the tiller are 
guided and assisted by a sort of tackle, 
communicating with the ship’s side, called 
the tiller-rope, which is usually composed ot 
untarred rope-yarns, for the purpose of 
traversing more readily through the blocks 
or pulleys. In order to facilitate the ma- 
nagement of the helm, the tiller-i;ope, m all 
large vessels, is wound about a wheel which 
acts upon it with the powers of a crane or 
windlass. 
There are several terms in the sea lan- 
guage relating to the helm ; as, “ beai up 
the helm;” that is, let the ship go more 
large before the wind : “ helm a mid-ship,” 
or “ right the helm ;” that is, keep it even 
with the middle of the ship : “ port the 
helm,” put it over the left side of the ship : 
“ starboard the helm,” put it on the right 
side of the ship. 
HELMET, an ancient defensive armour 
worn by horsemen both in war and in tour- 
naments. It covered both the head and 
face, only leaving an aperture in the front se- 
cured by bars, which was called the visor. 
It is still used in heraldry by way of crest 
over the shield or coat of arms, in order to 
express the different degrees of nobility by 
the different manner in which it is borne. 
Thus, a helmet in profile is given to gentle- 
men and esquires : to a knight, the helmet 
standing forward and the beaver a little 
open : the helmet in profile and open, with 
bars, belongs to all noblemen under the 
degree of a duke : and the helmet forward 
and open, with many bars, is assigned to 
kings, princes, and dukes. 
There is generally but one helmet upon 
a shield ; but sometimes there are two, and 
even three : if there be two, they ought to 
face each other ; and if three, the middle- 
most should stand directly forward, and the 
other two on the sides facing towards it. 
HEM 
♦ 
HELONIAS, in botany, a genus of the 
Hexandria Trigynia class and order. Na- 
tural order of Coronarim. Junci, Jussieu. 
Essential character : calyx none ; corolla 
six-petalled ; capsule three-celled. There 
are two species, viz. H. bullata, spear-leav- 
ed helonias ; and H. asphodeloides, grass- 
leaved helonias ; both natives of North 
America. 
HEMEROBIUS, in natural history, a 
genus of insects of the order Neuroptera. 
Mouth with a short horny mandible, the 
jaw cylindrical, straight, cleft ; feelers four, 
unequal, filiform ; wings deflected, not 
folded ; antennae setaceous, projecting, 
longer than the thorax which is convex. 
There are nearly forty species, in two divi- 
sions ; A. lip cylindrical, membranaceous, 
annulate : B. lip horny, rounded at the tip, 
vaulted. The insects belonging to this 
genus are, like the ephemerae, very short- 
lived, and in every state of their existence 
prey, with unceasing avidity, upon plant- 
lice. The larva is six-footed, generally 
ovate and hairy ; the pupa mostly follicu- 
late ; the eggs are deposited in clusters on 
the leaves of plants, each placed on a small 
gummy pedicle. When touched many of 
them have an excrementious smell. The 
most common species is the H. perla, an 
insect of great beauty, seen chiefly in the 
middle, and towards the decline of summer; 
and is a slender-bodied fly, of a grass-green 
colour ; with bright gold-coloured eyes ; 
and four large, transparent, oval, wings, 
finely reticulated with pale-green veins. 
The eggs of this insect are supported on a 
delicate stem, of more than half an inch in 
length, which is attached to the surface of 
a leaf or twig. They may be seen most 
frequently on the lime-tree, and by some 
persons, unacquainted with their nature, 
they have been taken for a small spe- 
cies of the fungus. From the eggs are 
hatched the larva, which in a few days be- 
come fitted to undergo their change into 
the chrysalis state. For this purpose the 
animal draws a fine silk from the extremity 
of its body, and in a short space envelopes 
itself in a round ball, of the size of a small 
pea, affixed to a leaf or twig of the tree it 
frequents ; and divesting itself of its skin com- 
mences a chrysalis; in about three weeks 
it becomes a complete insect. The heme- 
robius takes its name from the shortness 
of its life, as it seldom lives more than two 
or three days. ' ■ 
HEMEROCALLIS, in botany, English 
day lily, a genus of the Hexandria Mono- 
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