J AS 
J AT 
on a liberty whish excludes necessity, but 
on a liberty which excludes constraint. 
4. The semipelagians admitted the neces- 
sity of an inward preventing grace for the 
performance of each particular act, even 
for the beginning of faith, but they were 
heretics in maintaining that this grace was 
of such a nature, that the will of man was 
able either to resist or obey it. 5. It is 
semipelagianism to say, that Jesus Christ 
died, or shed his blood, for all mankind, in 
general. 
JARGON. See Zircon. 
JASIONE, in botany, a genus of the 
Syngenesia Monogamia class and order. 
Natural order of Campanaceae. Essential 
character : calyx, common, ten leaved ; co- 
rolla five-petalled, regular ; capsule inferior, 
two-celled. There are four species, natives 
of the West Indies. 
JASMINUM, in botany, English jas- 
mine-tree, a genus of the Diandria Monogy- 
nia class and order. Natural order of Sepi- 
ariae. Essential character: corolla salver- 
shaped ; berry dicoccous ; seeds arillated ; 
antherse within the tube. There are seven- 
teen species. 
JASPER, in mineralogy, a species of 
the clay genus, divided by Werner into six 
sub-species, viz. the Egyptian, the striped, 
the porcelain, the common, the agate, and 
the opal jasper. 
The Egyptian jasper exhibits two or 
more colours in concentric zones or bands, 
more or less regular, with interspersed 
spots or dendritic figures. It is brittle, and 
the specific gravity is about 2.6. It occurs 
in rolled pieces, which are mostly spherical. 
Before the blow-pipe it is infusible without 
addition. It is found in Egypt and the adjoin- 
ing desarts, and on account of its beautiful 
colour and great hardness, it is used for 
similar ornamental and useful purposes as 
the agate. 
The colours of the striped jasper are grey, 
green, yellow, and red ; these are often 
found together, and arranged in striped and 
flamed delineations. It occurs in large 
beds in Saxony, and also in Siberia, where 
it is of a very beautiful kind. It admits of 
a high polish, and is used for purposes of 
ornament chiefly. It derives its name from 
the striped colour delineations with which 
it is marked. The porcelain jasper gene- 
rally exhibits but a single colour, and is 
sometimes marked with cloudy delineations. 
It melts before the blow-pipe, and is found 
to consist of 
Silica 60.75 
Alumina 27.25 
Magnesia 3.00 
Oxide of iron 2.50 
Potash 3.66 
97.16 
Loss 2.84 
100 . 
It occurs in beds in pseudo-volcanic hills, 
and. is supposed that it is slaty clay, con- 
verted into a kind of porcelain by the action 
of fire. It is found in great plenty in Bo- 
hemia. 
The common jasper is found generally in 
veins that occur in primitive rocks in many 
parts of Europe. It is susceptible of a 
high polish, and is in considerable request 
for ornamental purposes. Opal jasper is 
found in nests, in porphyry, near Tokay, in 
Hungary, in the neighbourhood of Constan- 
tinople, and in some Siberian mountains. It 
is supposed to be the connecting link be- 
tween jasper and opal, and is distinguish- 
able by the liveliness of its colours, its 
superior lustre, and constant conchoidal 
fracture. 
JATROPHA, in botany, a genus of the 
Monoecia Monadelphia class and order. 
Natural order of Tricoccae. Euphorbia, 
Jussieu. Essential character: male, calyx 
none; corolla one-petalled, funnel-form; 
stamina ten, alternately longer and shorter : 
female, calyx none; corolla five-petalled, 
spreading; styles three, bifid; capsule three- 
celled ; seed one. There are fourteen spe- 
cies, of which we shall give a short ac- 
count of the J. elastica, elastic gum-tree ; 
it is a native of Guiana, of Quito, and Bra- 
zil, particularly in Para, where it is called 
massaradub. The Indians, by an incision 
in the bark, extract a viscid white substance, 
like that which issues from the fig-tree ; 
they receive it into earthen moulds, to 
make rings, bracelets, girdles, syringes, 
hats, boots, flambeaux, figures of animals, 
&c. The £)bb6 Rochon says that the inha- 
bitants of Madagascar also made flambeaux 
of it, which burn without wicks, and afford 
them a very good light when they go out to 
fish in the night time ; that surgery has de- 
rived some benefit from it, as it serves to 
make excellent bandages, and that in a 
state of solution it is very proper for coat- 
ing over silk, to render it impervious to air 
or water. It has the extensibility of lea- 
ther, with a very considerable elasticity. 
