INA 
street, or any other place ; for, in all these 
cases the party so restrained is said to he a 
prisoner, so long as he hath not his liberty 
freely to go about his business, as at other 
times. None shall be imprisoned but by 
the lawful judgment of his peers, or by the 
law of the land. 
IMPROPRIATION, is properly so 
called, when a benefice ecclesiastical is in 
the hands of a layman, and appropriation 
when in the hands of a bishop, college, or 
religious house, though sometimes these 
terms are confounded. It is said there are 
three thousand eight hundred and forty-five 
impropriations in England. 
IMPULSE, in mechanics, the single and 
instantaneous action or force by which a 
body is impelled, in contradistinction to 
the application of continued forces. 
INACCCESSIBLE, something that can- 
not be come at, or approached, by reason 
of intervening obstacles, as a river, rock, 
&c. It is chiefly used in speaking of 
heights and distances. See Surveying. 
INARCHING, in gardening, is a method 
of grafting, commonly called grafting by 
approach, and is used when the stock in- 
tended to graft on, and the tree from 
which the graft is to be taken, stand so 
near, or can be brought so near, that they 
may be joined together. The method of 
performing it, is as follows : take the branch 
you would inarch, and having fitted it to 
that part of the stock where you intend 
to join it, pare away the rind and wood on 
one side, about three inches in length. 
After the same manner cut the stock or 
branch in the place where the graft is to 
be united, so that the rind of both may 
join equally together; then cut a .little 
tongue upwards in the graft, and make a 
notch in the stock to admit it; so that 
when they are joined, the tongue will pre- 
vent their slipping, and the graft will more 
closely unite with the stock. Having thus 
placed them exactly together, tie them 
with some bass, or other soft tying ; then 
cover the place with grafting clay, to pre- 
vent the air from entering to dry the wound, 
or the wet from getting in to rot the stock : 
you should also fix a stake in the ground, 
to which that part of the stock, together 
with the graft, should be fastened, to pre- 
vent the wind from breaking them asunder, 
which is often the case, when this precau- 
tion is not observed. In this manner they 
are to remain about four months, in which 
time they will be sufficiently united, and 
the graft may then be cut from the mother 
INC 
tree, observing to slope it off close to the 
stock ; and if at this time you cover the 
joined parts with fresh grafting-clay, it will 
be of great service to the graft. 
IN AUTER DROIT, in another’s right, 
as where executors or administrators sue 
for a debt or duty, &c. of the testator or 
intestate. 
INCEST, is the carnal knowledge of 
persons within the Levitical degrees of 
kindred. These by our law, are totally 
prohibited to marry with each other ; and 
sentence of divorce in such case, is only 
declaratory of the illegality of the marriage, 
for the marriage itself is void, ab initio. 
INCH, a well known measure of length ; 
being the twelfth part of a foot, and equal 
to three barley-corns in length. See Mea- 
sure. 
Inch of candle, or sale by inch of candle. 
See Candle. 
INCHASING. See Enchasing. 
INCIDENCE, in mechanics, denotes 
the direction in which one body strikes on 
another. See Mechanics and Optics. 
It is demonstrated that the angle of inci- 
dence is equal to the angle of reflection, 
and that they both lie in the same plane. 
That the sines of the angles of incidence 
and refraction are to each other, either ac- 
curately or nearly, in a given or constant 
ratio: that from air to glass, the sine of the 
angle of incidence is to the sine of the 
angle of refraction as 14.9. 
INCIDENT, signifies a thing necessarily 
depending upon another as more principal. 
For example, a court baron, is an incident 
to a manor, and a court of pye-powder to 
a fair, so inseparably that they cannot be 
severed by grant. 
INCINERATION, in chemistry, a term 
applied to the burning of vegetables for the 
sake of their ashes: it is usually referred to 
the burning of kelp on the coasts for mak- 
ing mineral alkali. 
INCLINATION, is a word frequently 
used by mathematicians, and signifies the 
mutual approach, tendency or leaning of 
two lines, or two planes towards each 
other, so as to make an angle. Inclination of 
a right line to a plane, is the acute angle, 
which that line makes with another right 
line drawn in the plane through the point 
where the inclined line intersects it, and 
through the point where it is also cut by 
a perpendicular drawn from any point of 
the inclined plane. Inclination of the axis 
of the earth, is the angle which it makes 
with the plane of the ecliptic ; or the angle, 
