INS 
made through ignorance, unskilfulness, or 
any motive which is not fraudulent, although 
it will avoid the policy, does not amount to 
barratry. 
Loss by average contributions. Tjie goods 
on board are in proportion to their respec- 
tive interests, liable to contribute towards 
any particular loss or expense incurred for 
the general safety of the ship or cargo, so 
that the particular loser may not be a 
greater sufferer than the other owners of 
the goods. Thus, w here the goods of a par- 
ticular merchant are thrown overboard to 
lighten the ship ; where the masts, cables, 
anchors, or other furniture of the ship are 
cut away, or destroyed, for the safety of 
the whole ; in these, and similar cases, the 
loss is the propel' subject of a general con- 
tribution, and ought to be rateably borne 
by the owners of the ship, freight, and 
cargo, so that the loss may fall proportion- 
ably on all. As to the articles liable to con- 
tribute, the rule is, that the ship, freight, 
and every thing remaining of the cargo, is 
subject to this charge ; therefore, money, 
plate, and jewels, are as much liable as 
more heavy and bulky goods. But the 
persons on board, their wearing apparel, 
and the jewels belonging to it, shall not 
contribute ; neither are seamen’s wages 
liable to contribute. 
Loss by expense of salvage. At common 
law, the party has a lien, on every thing 
saved, till payment of salvage; but the 
regulations now principally in force are as- 
certained by the statutes 12 Anne, c. 18, 
26. Geo. II. c. 19, 33. Geo, III. c. 66. 
The insured need not in his action declare 
for salvage, but may recover under a decla- 
ration for the loss which occasioned it, and 
the damage which the goods have sustained. 
In case of neutral ships captured by the 
enemy, and retaken by British men-of-war, 
or privateers, the Court of Admiralty has a 
discretionary power of adjusting the sal- 
vage. Before an action will lie for a loss 
by payment of salvage, the amount must 
be ascertained by decision of the Court of 
Admiralty. 
Abandonment. The insured may abandon 
in every case where, in consequence of any 
of the perils insured against, the voyage is 
lost, or not worth pursuing ; where the 
thing insured is so damaged as to be of little 
or no value to the owner, where the salvage 
is immoderate, where what is saved is of 
less value than the freight, or where further 
expense is necessary, and the insurer will 
not undertake to pay that expense, &c. 
VOL. III. 
INT 
Shipwreck is generally a total loss. Wha t 
may be saved of the ship or cargo is so un- 
certain that the law cannot distinguish this 
from the loss of the whole. But a mere 
stranding of the ship is not of itself a 
total loss; it is only where the stranding is 
followed by shipwreck, or the ship is 
otherwise incapable of prosecuting her 
voyage. 
Return of premium. The premium is to 
be returned in all cases where the contract 
is void for want of interest ; which may be 
either total, as where the insured has no- 
thing on board the ship, or partial, where lie 
has some interest, but not to the amount in 
the policy ; and it is a general rule, that 
wherever insurance is made through mis- 
take, misinformation, or other innocent 
cause, without interest, or for more than 
the real interest, there shall be a return of 
premium. 
On a wager policy, the insured cannot 
recover back the premium, at least after 
the risk is run. This policy is void, as be- 
ing without interest, but both parties being 
guilty of a breach of the statute 19 Geo. II. 
c. 37, the rule, that where both parties are 
equally criminal the possessor has the ad- 
vantage, applies, and the insured cannot 
recover back the premium. 
Insurance upon life, is a contract, by 
which the underwriter for a certain sum, 
proportioned to the age, health, and pro- 
fession of the person whose life is the object 
of the insurance, engages that the person 
shall not die within the time limited in the 
policy ; or, if he do, that he, the under- 
writer, will pay a sum of money to the per- 
son in whose favour the policy is granted : 
and in this, as well as in marine insurances, 
the party must have an actual interest. 
Insurance against fire, is a contract by 
which the insurer undertakes, in cbnsidera- 
tion of a premium, to indemnify the insured 
against all losses which he may sustain in 
his house or goods by means of fire, within 
the time limited in the policy. 
INTEGER, in arithmetic, a whole num- 
ber, in contradistinction to a fraction. 
INTEGRAL, or integrant, in philosophy, 
appellations given to parts of bodies which 
are of a similar nature with the whole : thus 
filings of iron have the same nature and 
properties as bars of iron. 
INTEGRAL calculus. See Calculus. 
INTEGUMENTS, in physiology, denote 
the common coverings which invest the 
body, as the cutis, &c. The common inte- 
guments are the skin, with the fat and cel- 
Rr 
