1 NT 
hilar membrane adhering to it. The term 
integument is also extended to the parti- 
cular membranes which invest certain parts 
of the body, as the coats or tunics of the 
eye. 
INTELLIGENCE, in a military sense, 
may be variously applied, and of course has 
different significations. No general can be 
said to be in any degree qualified for the 
important situation which he holds, unless, 
like an able minister of state, he be con- 
stantly prepared with the requisite means 
to obtain the best intelligence respecting 
the movements and the designs of the ene- 
my he is to oppose. On the other hand, it 
is not possible to conceive a greater crime 
than that of affording intelligence to an 
enemy, and thereby bringing about the 
overthrow and destruction of a whole army. 
A French military writer makes the follow- 
ing observations respecting the latter species 
of intelligence, which he classes under two 
specific heads. He justly remarks, that 
to hold correspondence, or to be in intelli- 
gence with an enemy, is not only to betray 
your king, but likewise your country. Ar- 
mies and fortified places are almost always 
surprised and taken by means of a secret 
intelligence which the enemy keeps tip with 
domestic traitors, acting in conjunction with 
commissioned spies and delegated hirelings. 
A garrison town may be taken by sur- 
prise, under the influence of secret intelli- 
gence, in two different ways. The one is 
when the assailant, to whom the place has 
been surrendered, is not bound to join his 
forces to those troops by whom he has been 
admitted ; the other, when it is necessary 
that an assault should be made by openly 
storming, by throwing shells and by petards, 
or by stratagem. The first species of intel- 
ligence may be held with a governor who 
lias influence enough to direct the will and 
actions of the garrison; with a garrison 
which is indisposed towards the governor 
and the officers that command the troops ; 
with the inhabitants who have undertaken 
to defend a place where no garrison is sta- 
tioned ; and, lastly, with the prevailing fac- 
tion, where there are two parties that go- 
vern in a free town. The other species of 
intelligence may be practised with a gover- 
nor who either wants power, or is afraid to 
tamper with the fidelity of the garrison; 
with some particular officer, serjeants, or sol- 
diers; with the body of inhabitants, who 
think differently from the armed force that 
overawes them ; or with active and shrewd 
individuals, who have access to the ruling 
INT 
party, and can skilfully combine affected 
loyaity with secret disaffection. 
There is not, however, in human nature 
perhaps a more insidious, or a more dan- 
gerous ground to tread on, than that of se- 
cret intelligence; nor are the faculties of 
the mind ever so much put to the test as 
when it is necessary to listen to the report 
of an individual, who, whilst he is betraying 
one side, may be equally disposed to dupe 
the other. A wise general will consequently 
hear every thing, and say nothing ; and a 
wise man, let his secret wishes be what they 
may, will warily consider, whether the per- 
son who insinuates to him even the possibi- 
lity of a plot, does not at that instant en- 
deavour to get into his confidence for the 
sole purpose of acting contrary to his sup- 
posed views, and of betraying the man who 
has unfolded other schemes. It is certainly 
justifiable policy, either in the governor of 
a town, or in a general, to affect to give into 
the views of any man or party of men whom 
he has cause to suspect, ancf whose ultimate 
object he is determined to defeat. But he 
should be equally cautious how he listens to 
the communications of spies or informers. 
The veil of honesty is often assumed to co- 
ver a deep-laid scheme of villainy ; and ap- 
parent candour is the surest path to un- 
guarded confidence. When villains volun- 
tarily unfold themselves in such a manner 
as to convince an able and penetrating of- 
ficer that their treachery can be depended 
upon, much blood may be spared by mak- 
ing a proper use of their intelligence. This 
axiom has prevailed in every civilized coun- 
try; and should be well attended to by 
thinking men. For when a battle has been 
gained, it avails little to ask whether the 
enemy owed 4 his success to force or trea- 
chery? No treachery, however, is admis- 
sible, or should be sanctioned by belligerent 
powers, which militates against those laws 
of nations which are founded upon the wise 
basis of humanity. Private assassination, 
the use of poison, or the disregard of pa- 
roles of honour, must be generally repro- 
bated; and whatever general obtains his 
ends by any of these dark means, his name 
should be stamped with infamy, and he him- 
self be exposed to all the melancholy casu- 
alties of retaliation. See James’s Military 
Dictionary. 
INTENSITY, in physics, is the degree 
or rate of power or energy of any quality, 
as of heat and cold. The intensity of qua- 
lities, as gravity, light, heat, &c. vary in the 
-'reciprocal ratio of the squares of the dis- 
