INT 
We refer the reader to the articles under 
these words in the alphabetical order ; but 
having omitted Caryophyllasus, we in- 
sert it here : Body round ; mouth dilated 
and fringed. One species, viz. C. piscium, 
which inhabits the intestines of various 
fresh water fish, as the carp, tench, bream, 
&c. ; the body is clay-colour, about an inch 
long, rounded at the hind part, and broader 
before. 
INTESTINES, in anatomy, long cylin- 
drical, hollow, and membranaceous bodies ; 
or rather, one such continued body, .or tube, 
reaching from the stomach to the anus. See 
Anatomy. 
INTORSION, in botany, -a term used 
to denote the bending of any of the parts 
of a plant towards one side. This admits 
of certain distinctions. 1. Twining stems, 
which bend towards the left, as in hops, 
hcmey-suckle, &c. ; but in the kidney-bean, 
convolvolus, &c. they bend to the right. 
2. Twining tendrils, which bend to the right 
and back again ; of this kind are the tendrils 
of most of the pea-bloom or leguminous 
tribe of plants. 3. Twisted flowers, in the 
periwinkle, the petals bend to the left ; the 
pointal in the viscous campion is twisted to 
the left, as the seed-bud is in the screw- 
tree. In oats, the beard which terminates 
the husk is twisted like a rope. This spe- 
cies of contorsion being affected by the 
moisture or dryness of the atmosphere, is 
denominated by Linnaaus, “ intorsio hygro- 
metrica.” Another species of intorsion is 
the appearance of the petals in the violet, 
basil, &c. in which the upper lip of the co- 
rolla looks to the ground, and the under 
lip upwards. 
INTRADOS, in architecture, the inte- 
rior and lower side, or curve, of the arch 
of a bridge ; in contradistinction from the 
extrados, or exterior curve, or line, on the 
upper side of the arch. 
INTRINSIC, a term applied to the in- 
ner, real, and genuine values, properties, 
&c. of any thing, in opposition to their ex- 
trinsic or apparent values, &c. 
INTUITION, among logicians, the act 
whereby the mind perceives the agreement 
or disagreement of two ideas, immediately 
by themselves, without the intervention of 
any other ; in which case, the mind per- 
ceives the truth as the eye doth the light, 
only by being directed towards it. Thus 
the mind perceives that white is not black, 
that three are more than two, and equal to 
one and two. This part of knowledge, says 
Mr, Locke, is irresistible, and, like the sun- 
I N V 
shine, forces itself immediately to be per- 
ceived us soon as ever the mind turns its 
view that way. It is on this intuition that 
all the certainty and evidence of our other- 
knowledge depends; this certainty every one 
finds to be so great, that he cannot imagine, 
and therefore cannot require, a greater. 
INVECTED, in heraldry, denotes a 
thing fluted or furrowed. Inverted is just 
the reverse of ingrailed, in which the points 
are turned outward to the field, whereas in 
inverted they are turned inward to the 
ordinary, and the small semicircles outward 
to the field. 
INVECTIVE, in rhetoric, differs from 
reproof, as the latter proceeds from a friend, 
and is intended for the good of the person 
reproved ; whereas the invective is the 
work of an enemy, and entirely designed to 
vex and give uneasiness to the person 
against whom it is directed. 
INVENTION, denotes the act of find- 
ing any thing new, or even the thing thus 
found. Invention is, according to Lord 
Bacon, of two very different kinds, the one 
of arts and sciences, the other of arguments 
and discourse : the former he sets down as 
absolutely deficient. That the other part 
of knowledge is wanting, says he, seems 
clear ; for logic professes not, nor pretends 
to invent either mechanical or liberal arts ; 
nor to deduce the operations of the one, or 
the axioms of the other, but only leaves us 
this instruction, “ To believe every artist 
in his own art.” His lordship further main- 
tains, that men are hitherto more obliged 
to brutes than reason for inventions. 
Whence those who have written concerning 
the first inventors of things, and origin of 
sciences, rather celebrate chance than art, 
and bring in beasts, birds, fishes, and ser- 
pents, rather than men, as the first teachers 
of arts. No wonder, thefore, as the manner 
of antiquity was to consecrate the inven- 
tors of useful things, that the Egyptians, to 
whom many arts owe their rise, had their 
temples filled with the images of brutes, and 
but a few human idols amongst them. 
Invention is, therefore, used fora subtlety 
of mind, or somewhat peculiar in a man’s 
genius, which leads him to the discovery of 
things new ; whence we say a man of in- 
vention. Invention, according to Du Bos, 
is that part which constitutes the principal 
merit of works, and distinguishes the great 
genius from the simple artist. 
Invention, in rhetoric, being one of the 
second divisions of invention, according to 
Bacon, signifies the finding out and choos- 
