INU 
herbaceous plants ; leaves simple, alternate ; 
flowers yellow, axillary or terminating, 
frequently in corymbs. I. heleninm, com- 
mon inula, or elecampane, has a perennial, 
fusiform, branching, aromatic root ; accord- 
ing to some botanists it is biennial It 
is from three to live feet high, and one of 
the largest of our herbaceous plants ; lower 
leaves on foot stalks, lanceolate, a foot long, 
and four inches broad in the middle; flower- 
ing heads very large, single, terminating 
the stem and branches ; florets all yellow, 
those of the ray narrow, linear, from an inch 
to an inch and half in length, with three 
sharp teeth at the end ; pappus, egret or 
down-white, twice as long as the seed, ap- 
pearing to be capillary ; but when viewed 
with a glass, finely toothed on one side, 
shorter than the florets, sessile. Native of 
Japan, Denmark, Germany, Flanders, &c. 
The officinal name is enula campana, whence 
our English name elecampane is derived. 
INUNDATE, in botany, the name of 
the fifteenth order in Linnaeus’s “ Fragments 
of a Natural Method,” consisting of plants 
which grow in the water. Among these 
may be mentioned the ceratophyllum, horn- 
ed pond-weed, and elatine, water-wort. 
The plants of this order are as the name 
imports, aquatic, low, herbaceous, and 
mostly perennial; the roots are fibrous; 
the stem is usually wanting, and in its stead 
is an assemblage of leaves which, unfolding 
one another mutually, form a sheath, from 
the middle of which is produced the foot- 
stalk of the flower ; the leaves are some- 
times alternate, sometimes placed in whorls 
round the stem ; the flowers are hermaphro- 
dite in some, as the pond-weed; and on 
others, the male and female are in the same 
root ; the flowers, in some cases, proceed 
singly from the wings of the leaves, as in the 
ceratophyllum, elatine, and hippuris ; those 
of the lower leaves of the myriopliyllum, 
water-milfoil, are female ; those of the up- 
per male. The zannichellia, triple-headed 
pond-weed, has two flowers in the same 
wing ; one male and the other female. The 
flowers in potamogeton, pond-weed, and 
ruppia, are disposed in specks in the wings 
of the leaves ; the flower-cup is either want- 
ing, or consists of three, four, or five divi- 
sions or leaves; the petals are generally 
wanting, but the elatine and pond-weed 
have four; the stamina are in number from 
one to sixteen and upwards ; the seed-buds 
are from one to four ; the style is frequently 
wanting, as the seed-vessel is universally, 
except in the elatine, which has a dry cap- 
J'OI 
sule, with four external openings, and the 
same number of cells ; there are generally 
four seeds ; but in the ceratophyllum the 
fruit is a nut or stone, egg-shaped, and con- 
taining a single celt. 
INVOICE, an account, in writing, of 
the particulars of merchandise, with their 
value, custom, charges, & c. transmitted by 
one merchant to another- in a distant coun- 
try. One copy of every invoice is to be in- 
serted verbatim in the invoice-book, for the 
merchant’s private use ; and another copy 
must, immediately upon shipping off the 
goods, be dispatched by post, or otherwise, 
to the correspondent. This copy is com- 
monly drawn out upon a sheet of large post 
paper, to the end of which is subjoined a 
letter of advice. 
It must here be observed, that when a 
merchant ships off goods for his own ac- 
count, the invoice sent to the factor con- 
tains only the quantity of goods, but no- 
thing of the cost and charges ; and the let- 
ter subjoined consists of instructions, signi- 
fying in what manner the employer inclines 
to have his goods disposed of, and returns 
made. 
Invoice boolc, this book is paged, and 
contains copies of the invoices of goods sent 
to sea ; for as a merchant is obliged to send 
his correspondent an invoice of all the goods 
he consigns to him, so it is reasonable that 
he should keep a copy of it for himself. 
For the further uses of invoice-books, see 
Book of invoices. 
INVOLUCRUM. See Botany. 
INVOLUTE, figure, or curve, in the 
higher geometry, is that which is traced out 
by the outer extremity of a string, as it is 
folded or wrapped upon another figure, or 
as it is unwound from off it. The involute 
of a cycloid is also a cycloid equal to the 
former, a part that was discovered by Huy- 
gens, and by means of this he fell upon the 
plan of making a pendulum vibrate in the 
eurve of a cycloid, and in equal times, 
whatever be the length of the curve. 
INVOLUTION, in algebra, the raising 
a quantity from its root to any power as- 
signed. See Algebra. 
JOINERY, the art of working in wood, 
or of tilting various pieces of timber toge- 
ther. It Aiders from the art of the carpen- 
ter, inasmuch as the joiner is employed 
chiefly in the inside work of a house, but the 
carpenter does the rough work, which, in 
general, requires more strength and less 
skill. 
JOINT, in general, denotes the juncture 
