DISTEIBUTION OF OPHIDIANS. 
219 
Mountains ; and lastly, several unpublished mammifera of 
small size. The number of Birds which inhabit both Japan 
and Europe, amount to more than one hundred species : 
many of them, as the aquatic birds and birds of passage, 
are absolutely identical with ours ; but the stationary 
species, or those that lead a nomadic life, without quitting 
the larger islands under consideration, often present differ- 
ences, more or less marked : the Jay of Japan has an ar- 
rangement of tints somewhat different from ours, and it 
also differs from the variety found in the Himalaya 
Mountains. The Titmice, Parus major, P. laudatus, &c., 
are considerably less in Japan than with us ; the colours 
are slightly different, and the last species also recedes 
from our variety, inasmuch as it suspends its nest from 
the branches of trees, almost like our Parus pendulinus ; 
the Japanese individuals of the Wagtail (Motacilla alba), 
are of the variety known by the name of Mot. lugubris ; 
the Quail, the great Curlew, the Sylvia cisticola of Japan, 
exhibit differences when compared to those of Europe, 
&c. Lastly, many other birds of Japan differ more or 
less from those of Europe, but they often shew differ- 
ences so slight, that ornithologists even have not always 
believed it necessary to particularize them (see Temminck, 
Manuel^ III. p. 50, et seq.) I need not speak of 
the fresh-water Fishes of Japan, many of which represent 
our European species ; these last often exhibiting differ- 
ences between one district, or one river, and another, it 
would be useless to indicate the difficulty of determining, 
with exactness, those of Japan. The Beptiles of that 
country furnish the very remarkable fact, that the Sauri^ 
ans and Ophidians, without a single exception, belong to 
species which do not occur in Europe ; whilst we find, 
among the two other orders of reptiles, analogous races 
of the same species in both countries : such are our two 
Frogs and the Tree-Frog (Bana esculenta, B. tempo- 
raria, and Hyla arborea), which are absolutely identical 
with those of Japan; then our Common Tortoise, Emys 
vulgaris, known also under the name of Emys Caspica, 
and E. lutraria, forms in Japan a constant local variety; 
the Toad of Japan^ although very nearly allied to ours in 
