84 
1 
In the case of bees Marib Parhon (Ann. des Sc. nat. Zoo. Sér., 
9, 9 , 1 — 58) finds that the teraperature in the cluster of bees inside 
the hives shows a verj striking constancy throughout the year. 
In intact warm-blooded animals, a fall in the surrounding temp- 
eraturo regularly canses an increase in the respiratory exchange 
thanks to the inechanism of „Chemical heat regulation”. 
In all the experiments so far mentioned both on cold-blooded and 
on warm-blooded animals we have to do with two distinct etï^cts 
of temperatnre, viz. one upon the central nervous System causing 
variation in the innervation of different organs and especially of the 
muscles and one upon the tissues themselves influencing the reaction 
velocity of the metabolic processes. 
In the warm-blooded animals the action of low temperatnre on 
the skin produces reflexly innervation of the muscles resulting either 
in movements or in increase of tone. 
In the cold-blooded animals the processes in the centi-al nervous 
System itself are probably acted upon, and increased muscular 
acti\ity is produced by increasing temperatnre except in the cluster 
of bees which in the aggregate reacts against the temperature some- 
what after the fashion of a warm-blooded animal. 
When the influence of temperature on the metabolic process is 
to be studied, the nervous influence must be excluded and the 
experiments tnust be made under Standard conditions. 
It has been found repeatedly both on man and on animals that 
even a slight increase in body temperature over the normal produces 
an increase in the Standard metabolisrn. 
It follows from the experiments of Krogh (Biochem. Zeit. 1914, 
62, 266) and others that the velocity of catabolic reactions increases 
in all animalis with rising temperature up to a maximum at and 
above whicli temperature has deleterious effect upon the organism. 
The maximum temperature probably differs considerably for different 
animals, but very few determinations have been made so far. 
The more rigorously Standard conditions are maintaind the more 
regular is the influence of temperature observed. 
Chick en Martin (Journal of Physiol. 45, 40) find that the coag- 
ulation of haemoglobin by heat has the temperature coëfficiënt 13.8 
for the elevation of 10°, whilst in the case of albumen it is higher. 
In this connection it is interesting to note that VoN Schroedeh (Zeit. 
Phys. Chem. 1903, 45, 75) has found that a solution of gelatine 
has a viscosity of 13.76 at 21° C. and 1.42 at 31° C. i. e about 
10 times less with an elevation of 10°. 
The results obtained by Chick and Martin show that the temper- 
