THE BIEDS OF AUSTRALIA. 
American birds are larger and paler than European birds, while Eastern 
Asiatic are slightly smaller than European ones. It must be remembered 
that the females are larger than the males, and that older birds are larger 
than yoimger ones. 
When Palmer introduced to the notice of American ornithologists the 
fact that the American Turnstone deserved recognition, he gave some pages 
of details and measurements. It would have been easy to have done so in 
the present instance, but I consider it wiser to allow Americans to measure 
and compare the birds themselves. I may however just indicate that the 
first noticeable character of the American subspecies is its longer bill. Here 
at once a confusion was unavoidable unless only carefuUy-sexed birds were 
used for comparison, for European females have almost the same length bills 
as American males, while, if immature or one-year-old birds are included, the 
figures are at once lowered. 
For the forms recognised I would use : — 
Armaria leucophcea leucopJicea (Vroeg) ; Europe. 
Av. measurements ; cJ culmen 23 ; wing 122 mm. 
„ ? » 25 „ 125 „ 
Arenaria leucophcea tridactyla (Pallas) ; Eastern Asia. 
Av. measurements c? culmen 23 ; wing 119 mm. 
„ $ „ 25 „ 122 „ 
Arenaria leucophoea ruhida (Gmelin) ; America. 
Av. measurements : culmen 26 ; wing 127 mm. 
„ $ „ 28 „ 130 „ 
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