VELOCITY OF SOUND 
Sound travels in dear, calm weather approximately one-fifth 
mil© per- second. Wind, fog, rain and temperature affect the 
velocity of sound. Wind, according to its direction and strength; 
fog and rain reduce it, and heat increases it. Af zero F, sound 
travels 1060 feet per second, and this rat© increases to S 140 
feet at 80 degrees F, The above data will be found interesting 
sn estimating distances. 
BUOYS 
While buoys are valuable aids to a navigator, he always em- 
ploys a certain amount of caution in being guided by them. 
Heavy seas, strong currents, ice, or collision with passing vessels 
may drag them from their places or cause them to disappear, 
especially in unfrequented waters or in waters in which naviga- 
tion aids are not carefully maintained. 
Different nations adopt various systems of coloring their 
buoys. The systems of coloring and character of the buoys ar© 
such as to denote the special purpose for which they are 
employed. 
FOG AND FOG SIGNALS 
In a fog, a steam vessel moving slowly as is required by 
Jaw shall blow frequent blasts of the whistle, except when 
towing or being towed. A steam vessel when towing other 
vessels or a vessel moving, but unable to get out of the way, 
shall blow one long blast every minute followed by two short 
blasts. The vessel being towed shall give the same signal on the 
fog horn, A vessel at anchor shall ring the bell for five seconds 
every minute. When a steam vessel hears a fog signal or another, 
and Is not absolutely certain of the other vessel's position, she 
shall stop her engines and proceed with caution until all 
danger of collision is over. A steam vessel underway, but 
stopped and having no way upon her, is required to sound 
at intervals of not more than two minutes two long blasts with 
an interval of about one second between. 
DISTANCES FROM NEW YORK BY STEAMER: 
TO NAUTICAL MILES TO NAUTICAL MILES 
Antwerp 
3,386 
Havre 
3,192 
Boulogne 
3,250 
Liverpool 
3,107 
Bremen 
3,628 
London 
3,341 
Cherbourg 
3,525 
Naples 
4,182 
Genoa 
4,062 
Plymouth 
3,093 
Glasgow 
3,036 
Queenstown 
2,876 
Hamburg 
3,648 
Rotterdam 
3,387 
ARRIVAL AND LANDING 
Except for long cruises where passengers usually tip once 
®«ch week or every two weeks, you do not tip on shipboard 
until the last day before landing. This is on© of the things you 
must attend to as you approach port. Stewards and other per- 
sonnel who serve you are paid very little, as if is expected 
they will receive tips. On an Atlantic crossing, travelling first 
class, ih® following tips are about average per person: 
Cabin Steward $! 0.00-$ 1 5.00 
Table Steward 10.00- 15.00 
Bath Steward 2,00 
Deck Steward 3.00 
Boots 1,50 
If any other stewards or personnel have performed requested 
services, they should also be remembered. 
The figures above are guides, but, generally speaking, th® 
amounts of your tips and the personnel to receive them will be 
judged on the quality of service you have received. For cabin- 
class and tourist class, the tips are proportionately lower. 
As the port is approached, there is usually a passport examin- 
ation at which all the passengers Sin© up for examination ©f 
their papers. 
At some ports ail passengers are inspected by the ship 1 * 
doctor or port authorities before they are allowed to land. 
Upon completion of these examinations, you ar© given * 
landing ticket which you must present when passing down the 
gangplank. 
» 
The day before landing, obtain from the cabin steward 
tfickers to initial your luggage. After the ship has docked, 
your cabin steward will carry your baggage to the customs and 
p;’ace It in the space beneath the initial of your fast name. 
There is no extra tipping for this service. 
It is generally easy to pass the customs abroad although 
no attempt should be made to bring In forbidden articles. 
These regulations vary in different countries, but the purser 
can give you information on any articles about which you feel 
doubtful. 
A courteous, tactful manner with customs officials will prove 
a mutual advantage. Have the keys to your baggage at hand 
m the eyent the inspector wishes to examine any or all the 
pieces. You will soon b© through the customs and ready to 
emoy your fr, avals abroad. 
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