PARK AND CEMETERY. 
400 
to know the best oil to use on gravel 
roads, which are almost exclusively the 
highways of the Alimieapolis park sys- 
tem. 
Mr. West thought they should adopt 
one of two plans : Either buy the cheap- 
W. R. Adams, of Omaha, had found 
a gas residuum an excellent dust layer 
for the peculiar soil conditions of that 
city. 
A paper on “Park Commissions and 
Administrations,” by Superintendent J. 
scioci knowledge' of ornaineiital horticulture 
and landscape gardening. It is equally im- 
portant that he should be intelligent and 
energetic enough to assume responsibilitj' 
and initiative, when the interest of the de- 
partment demands it. To him all reports 
of subordinates should be made, and all 
communicatiojis to the Itoard of commission- 
DRIVE ALONG LAKE CALHOUN, MINNEAPOLIS. 
est oil, which is a paraffine oil, and apply 
in small quantities just to keep the dust 
down, or else clean the roads of detritus, 
and try to incorporate into them an 
asphaltic oil. He considered it a mistake 
to try to build a road of paraffine oils, 
as the paraffine not only has no binding 
qualities in itself, but will destroy the 
binding properties of the stone, 
J. W. Rodgers, of Cincinnati, had used 
an emulsion similar to the one described 
liy Mr, West, and had found it satis- 
factory, except that it was slippery on 
grades, 
W. H. Dunn, of Kansas City, said 
that they were to try to give the oil the 
bituminous qualities by heating it ; 
this preparation they had found to work 
successfully on grades. He also thought 
that the light oiling was the proper 
treatment for Mr. Wirth’s gravel roads. 
On hard, dry roads Air. Dunn had also 
used Tarvia as a binder and afterward 
oiled the road with Utah asphalt heated 
to 200 degrees, and had gotten good re- 
sults. 
A. Pettigrew, of Boston, was read by 
the secretary, and discussed. Both this 
paper and Air. West's were referred to 
the bulletin committee for printing, and 
votes of thanks extended to their au- 
thors. Mr. Pettigrew's paper was as 
follows ; 
Park Administration 
Your secretary has billed me to give the 
association a paper on park commissioners 
and administration. 
The subject of park commissioners has 
been discussed so recently in our Bulletin 
that it seems unnecessary for me to say 
anything on the subejct: furthermore, it is 
doubtful in my mind if its discussion would 
be proper or profitable. 
The subject of park administration, how- 
ever, is of the utmost importance to us 
all; so much depends upon the manner in 
which it is conducted that too much study 
cannot be given to the devising of ways 
and means of doing the work intelligently 
and economically. 
There are various methods under which 
the executive and working forces of a park 
department are organized. Without criticis- 
ing any method, I will endeavor to outline 
a plan of organization which is born of 
experience and practice. 
The chief executive of the board should 
be the general superintendent, who should 
be on« of wide experience and possess a 
ers with reference to tlie park department 
should be made by him. 
The general superintendent's staff may 
consist of one or more engineers and one or 
more assistant superintendents, as may be 
necessary. 
The engineer should be one who can cut 
loose from exact lines and grades Avhen. by 
an adaptation of existing circumstances, an 
artistic effect can be produced or a saving 
made. This is especially important in con- 
structive work. While a good engineer can- 
not know too much a>)Out horticulture, he 
should, at least, know trees and shrulx 
fairly well, and have a knowledge of their 
.■^oil requirements. 
Assistant superintendents should itossess. 
in degree, the same (jualihcations as those 
indicated for the superintendent. They 
should be assigned each to a definite dis- 
trict and be responsible for the prompt and 
efficient execution of the work; therefoiu. 
they should jiossess a large capacity I'oi- 
executive work. 
Under the assistant suiierintendents tlicre 
should be foremen who are experienced in 
handling men and work. While it is not 
absolutely necessary for foremen in con- 
struction work to have horticultural knowl- 
edge, yet it woubl be heli)ful in the ijrosc- 
cution of their work. In maintenance work, 
however, it is indispensable that foreineii 
should be trained horticulturists. For ihls 
reason it will be found to be a good ])lan 
in the maintenance work of the <k‘j»artment 
to divide the park system into districts, 
placing a gardener, with siitllcicnt men to 
