PARK AND CEMETERY. 
460 
ed together with the preservative ma- 
terial. This led to the use of specially 
prepared tar compositions and the 
heavier asphaltic oils, which require heat 
in their application. This kind of treat- 
ment has been continued up to the pres- 
ent time with varying and sometimes un- 
satisfactory results. 
The Chicago boulevards and park 
drives carry a daily traffic of from 500 
to 10,000 vehicles per day, and where the 
traffic exceeds 1,000 to 1,500 per day the 
best of the surface treatments have been 
found inadequate. Careful study was 
then made of the various paving ma- 
terials and processes on the market with 
the result that preference was given to 
some form of bituminous sheet pave- 
ment with a crushed stone aggregate. 
This, of course, included any of the 
forms of tar macadam, asphalt macadam 
or bitulithic. As a practical expression 
of the preference for this class of pave- 
ment the South Park Commissioners 
contracted in 1907 for 75,000 cubic 
yards of the bithulithic pavement. In 
the meantime studies and experiments 
were continued by the use of simpler 
PLAN AND SYS 
There are four distinct and often con- 
flicting divisions in park administration, 
the financial, industrial, constructive and 
democratic, which determine the man- 
agement of work and workmen, the de- 
sign and ultimate purposes of the parks 
and how they may be used by the people. 
The financial matters are in charge of 
the Finance Committee and Secretary 
and outside of my province to discuss. 
The industrial care of the work and 
workmen is directly under the manage- 
ment of the superintendent and he has 
to report that the foremen and work- 
men have as a body satisfactorily and 
efficiently carried out the work of their 
several departments. Your superintend- 
ent believes that each foreman and em- 
ploye should have as free a hand as 
possible in the doing of his work, in 
order that he may while performing his 
work develop himself so that, if it is 
in him, he may deserve and receive a 
better position, — and because he earns it, 
increased pay. 
I believe in and as far as opportunity 
offered, have used a systematic and 
standarized system for the management 
of work. With the beginning of our 
present year I attempted to inaugurate 
such a scheme for the park system as 
a whole, and enough was accomplished 
to prove beyond doubt that it would re- 
methods. As a result the first block 
of what has been termed mineral rubber 
pavement in the South Park System 
was laid on Michigan avenue in May, 
1908, with full confidence of good re- 
sults. This block was laid with a wear- 
ing surface 2 inches thick on an old 
macadam base, which was given a light 
top dressing of new crushed limestone 
and rolled dry without the addition of 
any binder stone. Subsequently other 
sections of this pavement were laid in 
Chicago on Grand boulevard, the Lake 
Shore Drive in Jackson Park, the North 
Shore Drive and in Lincoln Park. The 
confidence felt in its good qualities was 
fully vindicated by its behavior during 
the past unusually hot summer, not the 
slightest defect or sign having been dis- 
covered in the surface. 
All of the above mentioned pieces 
of pavement were laid on old macadam 
base, one block on Grand boulevard, 
having a wearing surface only 1 inch 
thick. This pavement has also been laid 
during 1908 in Kenosha, Wis., and 
Hammond, Ind. 
Special attention is called to qualities 
TEM IN PARK 
From Annual Report of George A. 
Parker, Supt. of Parks, Hartford, Conn. 
duce the cost of labor in the parks from 
10 to 20 per cent, and would increase 
the efficiency of the workmen to about 
80 per cent, which is a high degree of 
efficiency and at the same time lessen the 
weariness of labor and increase the sat- 
isfaction of workmen in their work. 
This system is new in park work and 
it consists of establishing as a standard 
what a well-fed, well-trained, able- 
bodied, intelligent and willing man can 
accomplish at any given work in full 
vigor of his early manhood and rating 
the work of other men on a percentage 
of that standard. It is a method by 
which each man will receive pay in ac- 
cordance with what he does, be it much 
or little, and makes him largely inde- 
pendent of the energy or laziness or in- 
difference of his fellow workmen. When 
it is established it means a most efficient 
working force on a true - and therefore 
economical basis. 
While I desire that the foremen of the 
different parks and departments should 
be able, well qualified, and trained for 
their position, — the best that can be had, 
— yet for the 'workmen from the experi- 
ence with the “unemployed” last winter, 
I would like to so manage the work that 
men who cannot earn more than tlicy re- 
ceive, which is the requirement of all 
l)usiness, but wlio can earn all they re- 
of the asphaltic cement specified, as to 
its low melting point, not less than 180 
nor more than 190 degrees, stability un- 
der temperature changes and its very 
small loss under the evaporation test, 
not more than one-half of one per cent 
during seven hours in oven at 325 de- 
grees. It is such qualities as these that 
give it its rubbery qualities and justify 
belief in its permanency. Without them 
it would differ but little in its composi- 
tion from other asphaltic concretes. 
Aside, however, from the virtues of 
the material entering into its composi- 
tion the method of laying the pavement 
is a large factor in producing it at a 
moderate cost. A portable machine has 
been devised which in itself is a com- 
bined drier and mixer, with melting 
tank for asphalt and measuring devices 
for the asphalt and mineral aggregate. 
All the working parts of the machine 
are enclosed so that none of the heat is 
lost in the processes of combining and 
mixing the materials. It is strictly port- 
able, being mounted on its own trucks 
so it can be drawn by horses or a light 
traction engine. 
MANAGEMENT 
ceive, may be employed. It is one of 
the necessary results of the present re- 
quirements of industrial methods that 
workmen who cannot be employed at 
a profit are obliged to step down and 
out, and thus become the by-product or 
waste, as it were, of our industrial cities. 
No matter how faithful, capable, or 
profitable a workman has been or how 
long his term of service, if he lives long 
enough, he is sure to reach that con- 
dition, under our present system and 
ideals of business, and it is impossible 
for the large majority of them to have 
enough laid aside for the proverbial 
rainy day. To lessen the evils of this 
condition and to enable this class of men 
to retain their independence and their 
self respect and to enable them to sup- 
port themselves and loved ones, I would 
like to employ them as far as possible 
in the park department, the work of 
which can well lie done by them and 
the city can afford to pay them all they 
earn, not requiring a profit. All this is 
possible under a standardized method of 
work. 
The third division of work in carry- 
ing on a park system is what I liavc 
come to call, for want of a better name, 
the constructive division. It is that part 
which has to do witli the design, the 
fundamental and ultimate purposes of 
