THE BIEDS OF AUSTRALIA. 
The legs are short, the toes long. The metatarsus is very stout, laterally 
compressed, reticulated throughout, the scales on the front and sides sm all 
but those on the hind portion very minute. The metatarsus is about ha lf 
the length of the tail and two-thirds the length of the outer toe. 
The toes are all fully connected with a web, the outer toe longest, the 
middle longer than the inner, the inner exceeding the hind toe. The claws 
are long, hooked, the middle one bearing pectinations. 
The preceding description applies generally to members of this family, 
which Ogilvie-Grant included in one genus. The genera which I admit vary 
in wing-formula, proportions of wing to tail, culmen, etc., and size. 
The succeeding generic diagnoses whl be based upon this one, comparative 
points being given as tending to more exactitude. 
Keichenbach, in his Nat. Syst. Vogel., p. vii., 1852, indicated the first 
subdivision of Phalacrocomx, his genera reading — 
Halieus 111. Type H. pygmoeus L. Gm. 
Hypoleucus Echb. „ H. varius L. Gm. 
Phakicrocorax Gesn. „ P. carho Linn. 
Graculus L. „ G. cristatus Faber, Gray. 
Bonaparte, in the Comptes Rendus Sci. (Paris), Vol. XLI., p. 1114-5, 1855, 
recogmsed Keichenbach’ s genera and added another, Stictocarho, for punctatus 
and gaimardi. 
The same year Gray in his Cat. Gen. Subgen. Birds, p. 133, allowed 
Reichenbach’s four divisions, but used — 
Graculus Linn, 1735 P. carho Linn. 
? Graculus Kchb., 1853 P. cristatus Faber. 
Hypoleucus Kchb., 1853 P. varius Gmel. 
? Halieus Kchb., 1853, not Illiger, 1811. P. pygmmus Pall. 
In the synonymy of Graculus he quoted Gulosus Mont., 1813, but this was 
proposed for P. cristatus Faber, and should have been used for his section 
division, the Graculus Kchb., 1853, not Linn. Graculus is of course untenable, 
as it was not used in 1758 in this sense. In 1856 the part of the Consp. Gen. 
Av., Vol. II., dealing with these birds by Bonaparte appeared, and there we 
find Phalacrocorax (p. 167), Graculus (p. 170), Hypoleucus (p. 173), Sticticarho 
(p. 174), Urile (p. 175), and Halimus (p. 177). 
With regard to Sticticarho two species are still named, gaimardi and 
punctatus ; of the former Bonaparte himself writes, “ Species aherrans ” and 
of the latter “ Species typica.^^ From this and the name formation the only 
possible type selection was punctatus, which was made by Salvadori in 1882, 
and Ogilvie-Grant erred in writing gaimardi in the Catalogue of the Birds in 
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