BLACK COEMORAKT. 
demands their recognition as a subspecific form. Study of the plumage 
changes may produce facts showing that these differ in different localities, 
as I consider “ P. filamentosus Grant ” is a form confined to China and Japan. 
I should sketch the subspecies as follows, and ask for investigation of 
the extra-Australian forms — 
PhalacroGorax carbo carbo Linne ; Europe. 
The type-locality is Sweden and this name may be applied to European 
and north African examples. Many synonyms abound, and it may be that 
valid subspecies exist in the congregation here covered by this name, and 
that some of these synonyms may come into use. 
This form is characterised by large size, deep purplish gloss, heavy 
nuptial ornamentation carried for a long time. 
Phalacrocorax carbo americanus Reichenbach ; North America. 
Graculus americanus Reichenb., Natat. Synops. Av., pi. xxxv®., figs. 
2746-9, 1850, seems applicable, while as a synonym would be quoted — 
Phalacrocorax carbo, var. macrorhynchus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 
Vol. II., p. 169, 1856. 
This name does not appear in Ogilvie-Gr ant’s synonymy. Bonaparte’s 
diagnosis reads : “ Major ; rostro robustissimo,” while I note Ridgway’s 
description of the coloration is “ glossy blue-black.” This does not apply 
to British and Faroe Island specimens. 
Phalacrocorax carbo indicus, subsp. n. ; India. 
Although there are synonyms given in the Catalogue of the Birds in the 
British Museum, Vol. XX VT., p. 343, as follows, none is available — 
Graculus albiventris Tickell, J. As. Soc. Beng., Vol. XI., p. 463, 1842. 
Garbo leucocephala Hodgs., in Gray'^s Zool. Misc., p. 86, 1844. 
Garbo raptensis, id., ib. 
The first-mentioned was published by Blyth at the place quoted as 
Carbo albiventer Tickell, from Chyebassa, India. This name is pre-occupied 
by Lesson, Traite WOrn., p. 604, 1831. 
The other two names are nomina nuda. 
Blyth apparently also described this bird as P. leucotis, but that name 
was also used previously by Lesson at the same place. 
This form is characterised by its small size and purplish-green coloration, 
as noted previously. 
Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis Shaw and Nodder ; China and Japan. 
As synonyms should be noted Carbo capillatus and Carbo filamentosus 
Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica Axes, pis. 83 and 83 b and p. 129, 1850. 
This form is differentiated by its small size and generally oily-green 
coloration. It would appear to carry the immature plumage a long time 
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