4*8 
Subtribe CrepideoR, — TJsually leafy herbs, not woolly nor with 
stellate hairs. Involucre calyculate, inner bracts often thickened. 
Achenes usually contracted at both ends. Esaniples : Ficris, Crejns, 
All or mostly composed of weedy plants j the first-named genus of a 
very harsh nature. 
Subtribe IlypochceridecB. — Scapigerous herbs, hairs various. 
Achenes contracted below, usually beaked above. Pappus-hairs 
simple or feathery. Examples : Hypochceris^ Taraxacum Femdeonis, 
the Dandelion. 
Subtribe Lactucece. — Herbs, rarely shrubby below, glabrous or 
hispid, rarely scapigerous. Achenes usually narrowed below, and 
beaked or not above. Pappus-hairs many, simple. Examples : 
Lachica^ SoncJius. The first genus contains the Lettuce, and the latter 
the Sow thistle. 
Subtribe Sco7'zo7iere<B. — Herbs, glabrous, woolly or hispid. 
Achenes with a broad base, or curved hollow stipes, above namiwod or 
beaked. Examples : Tragopogon porrifolius^ the Salsafy ; Scorzonera, 
the Viper's Grrass, S. hispanica, supposed to possess the power of 
curing the bites of vipers. 
Tribe V. HELIANTHOIDEiE.— S ubtribe AMBEOSIE^. 
XANTII11T3I, Linn. 
(From xanthos, yellow ; the plants being formerly used by the Greeks 
to dye their hair.) 
Capitula unisexual, monoecious; staminate globose, in terminal 
clusters ; pistillate 2-fiowered, chiefly axillary. Male capitula with 
few narrow involucral bracts; florets numerous, sheathed by folded 
hyaline paleie; cololla o-toothed; anthers free or nearly so, base obtuse. 
Female capitula with an ellipsoidal or ovoid closed gamophyllous 
aculeate involucre, 2-loecllate and 2-rostrate ; corolla none ; achenes 
solitary in each cell of the indurated prickly enclosiug involucre. 
Coarse scabrid hoary or glabrate annuals, with alternate petiolate 
palmatcly-lobed leaves. 
X- BtrUlUariuUl, Linn, Xoogoora Burr. Stem, branches, and 
leaves, puberulous without spines, mottled, spreading, attaining G or 
8 feet in height. Leaves deltoid, 3 to 5-lobed, unequally often coarsely 
dentate, often over 6 inches broad; base 3-nerved, cordate, sinus wide, 
cuneate into the petiole of 1 to G inches. Capitula nearly sessile, 
clustered; fruit ellipsoidal, about | inch long, terminating in an erect 
or somewhat curved beak. 
Order PEOTEACE.®. 
This order contains about 960 species in a genera of between 
50 and GO. The most important product of the order is its timber; 
many of the woods are very beautiful, and some are in demand, 
principally by coopers and cabinetmakers. 
EloMcrs hermaphrodite or rarely partially unisexual. Perianth 
regular or irregular, deciduous, consisting of 4 segments valvately 
united in the bud, the claws forming a tube cylindrical ordilated 
towards the base, the laminse short, forming a globular ovoid or rarely 
elongated limb ; the segments at length separating cither from the 
