107 
lants, or at the base of annual 
ranches, especially on the buds of 
future shoots, whetj they serve ap- 
parently to protect the dormant living 
germ from the rigour of winter. In 
the latter case they are usually short, 
iDroad, close together, and more or less 
imbricated— that is, overlapping each 
other like the tiles of a roof. It is this 
arrangement as w*ell as their usual 
shape that has suggested the name of 
scales, borrowed from the scales of a 
fish, Squamblla — A small scale-like 
bract, frequent on the rfceptacle of 
Compo-sitae. Squamo'sk, Squajco'sus 
— C overed with scales j or composed of 
scale-like appendages. SqrAMrto'sts 
— Covered with small scales. 
Squarrosk^, Sqcauuo'si's— W here appen- 
dages diverge at a large angle from the 
axis or the plane to which they are 
attached ; thusinibricated scales, leaves, 
or bracts are said to be squarrose when 
their tips are pointed and very spread- 
ing or recurved. 
Sta'chys (An ear of com) — Synonj^m for 
“Spica.*^ 
Sta'men — T he male organ of a flower. 
Stamens form one or two w horls within 
the petals. If two, those of the outer 
w’horl (the tmter .stamens) alternate 
with the jjetals, and are consequently 
opposite to or over the centre of the 
sepals; those of the inner whorl (the 
inner stamen.s) alternate with the outer 
ones, and are therefore opposite to the 
petals. If there is only one wliuil of 
stamens, they most frequently alternato 
with the petals ; but sometimes they 
are opposite the petals and alternate 
with the sepals. 
Stamin'a'lis — B elonging to or bearing rela- 
tion to stamens. 
SxAjriNA'Kis — When a double flower is 
produced by the transformation of 
stamins in petals. Synonym for 
“ Staminalis.” 
Stamino'dium— A n al orbive stamen ; or at 
least an organ bearing a resemblance to 
an abortive stamin, 
Stand'aud — T his term is applied to the 
vexillum of a ])apilionaceou8 flower. 
Starch or Fjecula is one of the most 
universal and ronspicucnts of cell-con- 
tents, and often sfj abundant in farlna- 
ceoas i-oots and seed.s as to fill the 
cell cavity. Itconsistsof minute grains, 
called starch uranules^ w^hich vary in 
size, and are marked with more or less 
conspicuous concentric lines of growth. 
The chemical constitution of starch i.s 
the same as that of cellulose ; it is un- 
affected^ by Cold water, l>ut forms a jelly 
with bulling water, and turns blue when 
tested byutdiiie. When fully dissolved 
it is no longer starch, but dextrine. 
St.ytosper'mcs — W hen a seed is straight or 
erect within the pericarp. 
Staurophvi/lus — S ynonym for Griicia- 
tus,” Cro.-'.s-leaf, Oriflohivin siauro- 
phyllum : also, Coffetia cruciatiu, the 
Anchor plant.) 
Stel'late, Stel'latus — W hen several simi- 
lar parts are disposed in a radiating 
manner round a centre. Stkllato- 
Pitosus — When the pubescence is stel- 
late. Stellif'erus, Stellifor'mis, 
8telli'heri's, Stellula'tus — Sono- 
nyms for “ Stellatus.’* (See the down 
upon Hibiscus hetcrophyllm^ the Native 
Rosella.) 
Stel'li:l.a (Diminutive from stcHaf a star)— 
Synonym fur “Bosella.'^ The folia- 
ceous whorls which invest the supposed 
anthers in mo^es. 
Stem — T he stem, or ascending axis, which 
grows upwards from the root, branches, 
and bears first one or more leaves in 
succession, then one or more flowers, 
and finally one or more fruits. It con- 
tains the tissues or other channels by 
which the nutriment ab.s<irbcd by the 
roots is conveyed in the form of sap to 
the leaves or other paints of the surface 
of the plant, to be elaborated or 
digested and afterw'ards redistributed 
over different parts of the plant for its 
support and growth. Stems are — 
Erect, when they ascend iJcipendicu- 
larly fioin the roi>t or stock ; twiggy or 
virgate, when at the same time they are 
slender, stiff, and scarcely branched ; 
sarmentose, when the branches of a 
woody. stem are long and weak, although 
scarcely climbing; decumbent or 
ascending, when they spread horizon- 
tally, or nearly so, at the base, and 
tlien turn upwanls and become erect ; 
procumbent, when they spread along 
the ^'^round the whole or the greater 
portion uf their length; diffuse, when 
at the same time very much and rather 
loosely branched ; prostrate, when they 
lie still closer to the ground ; creeping, 
when they emit ruots at tlieir nodes ; 
this term is also fiequeiitly applied to 
any rhizome or roots which spread 
horizontally; tufted or cie.spitose, when 
very short, close, any many together 
from the same stock. 
Stkn'os — N arrow, as in the comf)ound.s, 
Stknocak'pus, narrow fruit ; Steno- 
rHYL'LUK, narrow leaf. (SeetheDalby 
Myall, Acacia stcnoj^hijUa.) 
Stephanos— A crown. 
Sterig'mata — T hi*eacls bearing colourless 
bodie.s; “SperrDatia”=Basi<iiam; also 
the edevated lines or plates upon stems 
produced by the bases of deourrent 
leaves. 
Steu'ile, Ste'rilis— B arren, where the 
fruit, or pollen, is not perfected. Ap- 
plies also to the fronds of ferns which 
are not bearing sori. 
Sternutatory— Q ualities which provoke 
sneezing ; a property very highly pos- 
^■e-sed by the little Coinpusitie, Cen.tipcda 
orbUnfuris, 
Stichid'ium (A little bladder)— A case-like 
receptacle f(>r the spores of some Algse. 
Stich'os — A row, line, as Dis'tichum, Dis'- 
tichchus. 
SriCHOCAii'PVs — Where the fruit isdisposed, 
along a spiral line. 
