i79 
The proximity of the sea, therefore, with its equalising influence 
at Southport and Liverpool, accounts for their smaller mean 
monthly and annual range, as compared with that of Chester 
twenty miles inland. 
Mean Temperature. Mean Annual 
January. July* Range. 
Southport 38*5° ••• 59*5° 21*0° 
Liverpool, Bidston ... 39-3° ... 60*4° 21*1° 
Chester 38-2° ... 6i*o° 22-8° 
For the district 387° ••• 60-3° 21-6° 
In considering the effect of temperature on vegetation, not only 
the shade, but also the open-air temperature in the sun and on the 
ground must be taken into account to know the effect of direct 
sunlight and of radiation, as these are the measure of the variations 
in temperature to which plants are exposed. The necessity for this 
will become at once apparent when it is known that the heat in the 
sun is often fully 6o° greater than in the shade, and the cold on 
the ground sometimes fully 19 0 greater than the shade minimum. 
OPEN AIR TEMPERATURE. 
SOUTHPORT. 
LIVERPOOL. 
CHESTER. 
7 Years, 1895 to 1901. 
7 Years, 
1895 TO 1901. 
9 Years, 
1893 to 1901. 
Absolute 
highest, 
in sun, 
4 ft. above 
ground. 
Mean. 
Absolute 
lowest, 
on ground 
(short 
grass or 
snow). 
Mean. 
Absolute 
highest, 
in sun, 
4 ft. above 
ground. 
Mean. 
Absolute 
lowest, 
on ground 
(short 
grass or 
snow). 
Mean. 
! 
0 1 
0 
0 
0 
0 
c 
0 
0 
J AN i 
62-3 
I I *0 
29-5 
84*2 
59 -o 
17 
29-8 
Feb 
72-0 
o-6 
28*4 
<u 
94*5 
70-8 
3 *i 
29-9 
Mar 
88-o 
... 
30*4 
108-5 
84-2 
16-5 
32-0 
April ... 
99-0 
35 *i 
116-3 
96-0 
21-2 
35*7 
May 
106-4 
37*9 
m 
! I25-0 
102*9 
26-4 
39'9 
J une 
1 l35 nl 
ii 5‘3 
46-4 
O 
I30-6 
I 12-2 
3 1 ' 1 
47*5 
July ; 
I38-8 
116-4 
49-5 
ri 
> 
127-1 
I 14-1 
38-5 
507 
Aug 
i I 4°'5 
H 3 * 1 
49-2 
Uc 
<U 
128*5 
109-4 
377 
3 0 ’ 1 
Sept 
1 103-5 
46-9 
in 
Iig-O 
98-8 
31 -o 
46-2 
Oct 
I 88*4 
36*8 
O 
JO /-2 
80*9 
20-8 
39’2 
Nov 
70-5 
14-0 
34-8 
O 
92*5 
66-3 
20-4 
35’4 
Dec 
58-9 
4 *° 
327 
88-3 
| 577 
6-7 
32-5 
HO ‘5 
! 91*2 
o-6 
138-1 
■ i 3 °' 6 
87-4 
17 
39 ’ 1 
