PHANEROGAMS. 
(Seed Plants, Spermatophytes, Flowering Plants.) 
Alternation of generations present, but obscured 
and difficult to recognise. Microsporophylls (c^, 
stamens) with microsporangia (pollen-sacs) , produc- 
ing microspores (pollen- grains) which germinate by 
the formation of a tube (siphonogamous) . Mega- 
sporophylls ( 9 > carpels) with megasporangia 
(ovules) which ripen to form seeds, the megaspore 
(embryo-sac) and the embryo remaining enclosed 
therein. 
GYMNOSPERMS. ANGIOSPERMS. 
Sub-Division I. GYMNOSPERMS. 
Microsporophylls peltate (frequently) or flat, and 
bearing the microsporangia attached to their under- 
side.* Megasporophylls not formed into an enclosed 
chamber, i.e., ovules naked : thus no stigma or 
style. Prothallus (often by analogy called endo- 
sperm) formed before fertilisation. 
[Besides the Conifers, this subdivision GYMNO- 
vSPERMS also includes the non-British classes 
ginkgoales, cycadales, gnetales, 
as well as the fossil 
bennettitales and cordaitales. 
Cycas, Zamia, Encephalartos, Ginkgo, Ephedra, 
Tumboa (=Welwitschia), Gnetum, etc.] 
* Except in Gnetales, which belong rather to Angio- 
sperms. 
