FLORA OF THE SUNDRIBUNS. 
259 
which may also be a weed ; Hemidesmus in dims and, finally, Adian- 
turn lunulatum for which this agency is doubtless unequivocal. 
The inanimate agencies, for these particular sites, count for little 
as compared with the animate ones. 
Water-birds are probably responsible for the introduction of Lim- 
nophila gratissima^ Hygrophila phlomoideSy Pistia stratiotes and 
{or thdit oi Pas palum scrohiculatum and Panicum colonum. 
Fruit-eating birds, however, have been a more active agency and are 
probably responsible for the presence of Vitis trifolia and V . lati- 
folta^ of Breynia rhamnoides and Bridelia stipularis^ of Aphanta 
Danura, Olax scandens, Glycosmis pentaphylla and Tinospora 
tomentosUi of Trema orientalis^ of Ficus Rumphiit and of the four 
Cucurbitaceous plants found on these abandoned sites. Other species, 
possibly thus introduced, though the agency is not unequivocal since 
all of them may conceivably have been deliberately introduced by man, 
are Clerodendron Siphonanthus^ Strehlus asper, Eugenia fruticosuy 
Ficus religiosa and F. infectoria^ Antidesma Ghaesemhilla ; 
haps Flacourtia sepiaria might be classed with these. 
Human agency may be held less equivocally responsible for the 
deliberate introduction of Cratasva religiosa^ ^gle Marmelos^ 
Zizyphus (Enoplia^ Bouea burmanica, Odina Wodier^ Cassia Fistula^ 
Vangueria spinosa^ Ixora coccinea var^ Bandhuca^ Diospyros Em- 
bryopterisy D. montana, Cordia Myxay Ocimum sanctum^ Zingiber 
Casumunar ; is not improbably responsible for the presence of Abrus 
precatorius, though this may have been inadvertently introduced ; of 
Croton oblongifoliuSj the existence of which is not otherwise easily 
explained; and of Streblus asper^ Flacourtia sepiaria and Antidesma 
Ghsesembilla : Clerodendron SiphonanthuSy too, is a species that 
may conceivably have in the first instance been planted. - 
Species that are mere weeds of cultivation elsewhere, and that in 
these clearings almost certainly owe their presence to inadvertent in- 
troduction by man with his crops are Cleome viscosay Atylosia scarab- 
decides y Crotalaria verrucosa, Anisomeles ovaiay Acalypha indicay 
Commelina bengalensis, Kyllinga triceps, Fimbristylis monostachya, 
Panicum prostratum 2iXidi Seiaria glauc a,-— not a very extensive list, 
the chief interest of which lies in the fact that eight of these species 
have not been found as weeds in any of the existing clearings. Another 
possible member of the group is Vernonia cinerea, a common weed in 
existing clearings that may quite readily be a wind-borne species ; still 
another is Abrus precatorius, which, however, having regard to its 
reputed qualities, is quite likely to have been deliberately introduced- 
Very nearly half the species in these old settlements must be looked 
on as having been introduced by man. 
