FLORA OF THE SUNDRIBUNS. 
261 
are Canmalia turgida, Vigna luteola, Derris uliginosa^ Pongamia^ 
Dalhergia s.pinosa, C sesalpinia Nuga^ Sonneratia apetala, Morinday 
JEgialitis and jplgiceras, the two Sarcolohi^ Acanthus ilicifoUus, 
Clerodendron inerme^ Premna integrifolia, Avicennia officinalis y 
Excoecariay Flagellariay Pandanus fascicularis. 
Species in clearings that have been introduced by rivers include 
Tamarix gallicay Csesalpinia Bonducella probably, Barringtonia 
acutanguluy Conyza semipinnatifiday Wedelia calendulacea — though 
this might equally well be an introduction by water-birds, Ipomoea 
sepiaritty Lantana indica and L. trifoliay Lippia geminata and Z. 
nudifloray Trewia nudifloray Casuarina equisetifoliay^ two species 
of TyphUy Cryptocoryney Cyperus exaltatuSy Scirpus litioralisy 
Panicum repens. Wind-introduced species in the clearings include 
Vernonia cinirea and Ageratum conyzoideSy though both these might 
"have been introduced weeds with crops; Grangea maderaspatana 
and Cnicus arvensisy to which the same remark will apply; Oxystelma 
esculentunty Lksemia extensay Tylophora tenuisy Peniatropis micro- 
phylla, Imperata arundinaceay Chloris barbatay Asplenium esculent 
tuMy Nephrodium aridumy Polypodium proliferumy Acrostichum 
aureuMy Helminth ost achy s zeylanica. 
Fruit-eating birds are possibly responsible for the introduction of 
Passiflora suherosay Cephalandra and Cucumisy and almost certainly 
responsible for the presence of Vitis trifolia ; they are also in all likeli- 
hood responsible for the dispersal in a wild state of Base Ha, but 
the influence of this agency is necessarily slight and cannot be as- 
sociated with any other species. Water-birds, on the other hand, 
have to be< credited with the introduction of all the fresh-water sub- 
merged or floating species enumerated in the previous chapter except 
Ipomwa aquaticUy which is almost certainly, a plant originally deli- 
berately introduced, ^Besides these this agency probably explains the 
presenee of Hydroleaj Ammannia y Herpestisy three Hygrophilsey 
HemigraphiSy Eleocharis, one Scirpus, P aspalum scrobiculatMm, 
Eriochloa polystachyay Panicum Crus-galli and, perhaps, Diplachne 
fusca. 
Species intentionally introduced by man and still either under 
cultivation or existing as escapes have been already given in detail. 
The number of these species is not very great and the list is probably 
incomplete. The rest of the'plants to be met with in clearings are 
weeds in all probability inadvertently introduced by man. The 
number of these weeds is by no means great, when the extent of 
the cleared area is considered, and hardly exceeds that of species 
* See remarks regarding this species in the systematic census. 
