70 
ANAS RUBRIPES 
sota (Kennicott.j^de Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, 1884) and in western and southern districts on the 
Minnesota River, and in Kandiyohi County (Hatch, 1892; U.S. Biological Survey). A recent writer 
who is certainly mistaken (Roberts, 1919), states that they do not breed in Minnesota now. J. A. 
Allen (1868) found the species not uncommon in western Iowa in summer, and according to Cooke 
(1906) it has bred at Spirit Lake, northwestern Iowa. None of the observers quoted by R. M. Ander- 
son (1907) says anything of its breeding there, but the U.S. Biological Survey has records of a nest 
near Emmetsburg. There are no records of its having nested in Missouri. 
East of the Mississippi the Black Duck breeds in Wisconsin, especially at Green Bay (Kumlien 
and Hollister, 1903; Cory, 1909; etc.) and in Illinois, specifically on the Calumet Marshes (Nelson, 
1876; Cory, 1909). In this latter State and apparently also in Indiana and Ohio, it breeds in the 
northerly districts only (A. W. Butler, 1898; L. Jones, 1903). Doolittle (1919) has reported one or 
two pair nesting regularly at Mentor Marsh, and Henninger (1920) states that it nested at Grand 
Reservoir, western Ohio. In Michigan the species is known as a regular breeder (Cook, 1893; 
Barrows, 1912; U.S. Biological Survey records), and was said by Covert (1876) to breed commonly 
at Ann Arbor. In recent years it has bred in Alger County, peninsular Michigan, and probably in 
Cheboygan County (Wood, Smith and Gates, 1916; Wood, 1918). According to B. H. Warren 
(1890) the species has nested in Bradford County, Pennsylvania. Harlow (1918) gives various other 
records for that State. 
North and east of Pennsylvania the Black Duck is much more common. According to Eaton 
(1910) it nests all over New York State, particularly in the northern parts. It breeds in every one 
North- New England States, more commonly in the north, and is increasing. Sage, 
eastern Bishop and Bliss (1913) have recorded its breeding in Connecticut; R. H. Howe and 
States Sturtevant (1899) in Rhode Island; Forbush (1912) in Massachusetts; H. W. Wright 
(l91l) in New Hampshire; G. H. Perkins and Howe (1901) in Vermont; and O. W. Knight (1908) 
and others in Maine. 
In eastern Canada the species is very abundant in summer. Boardman (1903) and Chamberlain 
(1882) record it as a common breeder in New Brunswick, while Downs (1888) and Tufts (1918) 
Eastern make similar statements with regard to Nova Scotia. It nests all over Prince Edward 
Canada Island (MacSwain, 1908) and abundantly on the Magdalen Islands (Cory, 1878). In 
Newfoundland it is an equally common nesting bird (Harvey, Forest and Stream, vol. 3, p. 353, 
1875; J. and J. M. Macoun, 1909). It has been recorded as very abundant on Anticosti Island also 
(Brewster, 1884; Verrill, 1862; Schmitt, 1904; W. S. Brooks, in lilt.). In Labrador the species is 
widely distributed, and seems to be common (Coues, 1874). Low (1913), however, states that it is 
not abundant in the interior, and Bigelow (1902) speaks in similar terms about its status on the north 
side of Hamilton Inlet. Explorers on the plateaus back from the coast never seem to find great 
numbers. C. W. Townsend and Allen (1907) consider it common on the Hamilton River, Sandwich 
Bay, at Nain, Mingan and Cape Whittle, but not common on Hudson Strait, while at Chimo and 
George River, as well as at Hopedale, it is again common. It occurs north to Port Burwell, near the 
northern tip of Labrador (U.S. Biological Survey). Brewster (1902a) has recorded it from Ungava, 
and Hantzsch (1908) from northeastern Ungava, but I find no evidence of its occurrence on the 
tundras west of Ungava Bay, north of 60° north latitude. Southward the species was found on both 
the coasts of James Bay (Spreadborough,^de J. and J. M. Macoun, 1909), at Cape Hope and on the 
Severn River (Brewster, 1902a) and also at Rupert House (U.S. Biological Survey). It was present 
in Hannah Bay in enormous numbers during my visit there in August, 1898, and is very common 
at Moose Factory (Brewster, 1902a; and others). It has been taken on the Missanabie River, and 
at Martins Falls, Albany River (U.S. Biological Survey). 
In the Province of Quebec the Black Duck breeds everywhere in abundance (Dionne, 1906; J. 
and J. M. Macoun, 1909) especially in the St. Lawrence valley, in Leeds and Lanark Counties 
(Young, J. and J. M. Macoun, 1909) and at Montreal (Wintle, 1896). It breeds also in Ontario, 
