10 -!- 
PARK AXD CEMETERY. 
and maples have been planted in Seneca 
Park. They have been arranged in such a 
manner that they do not in any way mar 
or interfere with the general effect of the 
native vegetation. 
The land given to the city at Cobb's Hill, 
on Culver road, by George Eastman has 
been planted with a collection of 13'2 varie- 
ties of lilacs and numerous species of new 
trees and shrubs from Western China and 
the Southwestern United States, and large 
numbers of American hawthorns. It has 
been planned to make a complete duplicate 
collection of the lilacs in Highland Park 
on this land. 
Adjacent to the pavilion in Highland 
Park a herbarium was established. For 
the purpose of scientific identification, a 
herbarium is absolutely necessary where 
large collections of trees and shrubs of the 
north temperate zone are growm. When 
the last accessions have been mounted and 
placed on the shelves there will perhaps be 
about 1,00(1 sheets of dried specimens. 
When the herbarium was begun the flow- 
ers and fruits of the trees and shrubs of 
the north temperate zone only were dried, 
but of late years the whole native flora has 
been included. 
It is creditable to the city and to the 
members of the Park Commission, past and 
present, that politics, the distribution of 
political patronage, has never, in all the 
twenty-five years of the constructive pe- 
riod, entered into the administration of the 
park system. It w’as so sacredly cove- 
nanted by the fathers; and those who have 
come after the fathers have fulfilled the 
trust. 
Quarantine Against Tree and Plant Diseases 
Address before the International Forestry Confererice 
by J. G. Sanders, Economic Zoologist, Harrisburg, Pa. 
It would seem well nigh prodigal of the 
time of this conference to offer any ex- 
tensive argument supporting the subjects 
which my title portends. 
I would presume that the majority of 
my auditors are so well informed regard- 
ing the pernicious practices which now ob- 
tain in the United States, whereby an open- 
door is maintained for the introduction of 
immense quantities of infested and infected 
plant material, that argument for the limi- 
tation of this evil w'ould be unnecessary. 
But I have eminent reasons to believe that 
not all of our co-workers in the promotion 
and maintenance of agricultural and horti- 
cultural health have fully sensed the pres- 
ent pitiful condition of these interests in 
our country, nor do I think all of us realize 
the many dangers which threaten our wel- 
fare with every shipload of foreign plants 
discharged on our shores. 
If every teacher and student of the prac- 
tical sciences, and every member of our 
many agricultural experiment stations was 
fully cognizant of the history of plant pest 
introduction into America, and of the un- 
told millions lost annually through their 
ravages, it w'ould seem that sufficient pub- 
licity could be given the facts, to awaken 
careless America to remedial action. I 
have used the expression “careless Ameri- 
ca" advisedly yet truthfully. We Ameri- 
cans are sulijects of derision by foreign 
nations, on account of carelessness in many 
phases of our national and economic life. 
Our coasts are inadequately guarded from 
human invasion, aided by powerful ma- 
chines of war, and there is but little doubt 
that charts and plans of many of our coast 
defenses, and full reports of our vulnerable 
seacoast are reposing in the vaults of 
foreign nations. 
These foregoing statements are prelimi- 
nary to a recital of needed forms of de- 
fense against enemies of plants, which are 
threatening the food product possibilities 
of our country, just as surely as similar 
enemies in the past have entered and at- 
tacked our agriculture and horticulture, de- 
stroying each year several times the total 
annual appropriations for our army and 
navy. As the speed of ocean travel lessens 
the transportation period and increases the 
frequency and facility of shipments from 
abroad, we can not expect a diminution of 
the danger of plant pest - introduction in 
the future. Our judgment from past ex- 
periences warns us of even greater evils 
to come. 
Unwise persons have asserted that soon 
we will have imported all the pests which 
threaten us, and this danger will have 
passed. Impossible ! No one cognizant of 
the multitudes of dangerous insects and 
plant diseases throughout the world as yet 
unreported in this country would accept 
such an hypothesis. Just as a wise physi- 
cian can diagnose a dangerous disease in 
its incipient stage, or can foresee an epi- 
demic, if quarantine regulations were aban- 
doned or unenforced, so can a plant physi- 
cian and entomologist foresee calamity to 
agriculture in its various branches, when 
precautions are ignored, and dangerous 
pests permitted entry and establishment. 
Unknown dangers lurk in every shipment 
of plants to America from foreign lands. 
Even though it might be humanly possible 
to inspect them for known foreign pests, 
certain insects and diseases, which may be 
insignificant in their original native sur- 
roundings, when introduced into new terri- 
tory without their natural enemies and 
checks, and, perchance, finding new and 
more pleasing host plants, will multiply 
with startling rapiditv, and soon become 
destructive pests. The chestnut blight, 
white pine blister disease, the citrus canker, 
cotton boll weevil and San Jose scale are. 
notable examples of development under 
these circumstances. Every plant-feeding 
insect has the inherent valency' of a de- 
structive pest. 
Nature conserves the balance, which too 
frequently' is disturbed by commerce and 
agricultural practices of civilized men. The 
pristine condition of America from an ag- 
ricultural standpoint was ideal for the pro- 
duction of amazing ernos at low cost, on 
account of the paucity of destructive in- 
sects and plant disease. Could our plants 
and seeds have been introduced without the 
attendant diseases and insects, we might 
today have been growing potatoes free 
from scab, early blight, late blight and rot, 
powdery scab and scurf, and there would 
have been no necessity for the autumn 
reduction of the midsummer estimates of 
the potato crop by our Federal Agricultural 
Department by millions of bushels, occa- 
sioned by uncontrolled ravages of the late 
blight and rot in 1916. The potato, like 
certain other of our agricultural products, 
was introduced from abroad, and in the 
absence of the introduced pests and dis- 
eases our crops w’ould be fully returned. 
Since the organization of the Federal 
Horticultural Board, and the subsequent 
inspection of imported plant material, 508 
distinct species of insects, and 189 distinct 
plant diseases have been intercepted on 
plant imports from abroad. It is safe to 
presume that a considerable number of 
these would have developed to the stage 
of serious and destructive pests, if we may 
judge from performances of similar intro- 
ductions in the past. By no means, how- 
ever, has our inspection been able to pre- 
vent the introduction and establishment of 
numerous insects and diseases, some of 
which may even now be established and are 
rapidly multiplying, hut as yet have not 
attracted the attention of the scientists. 
list of the introduced insect pests and 
plant diseases, which have become estab- 
lished in this country, would be too exten- 
sive and lengthy for consideration at this 
time, but I will enumerate a number of 
the more important ones, and I am sure 
that you will recognize a large number of 
those pests which we consider of prime im- 
portance in America. It is my rather hasty 
determination that approximately 75 per 
cent of the major insect pests and plant 
diseases of the United States have been 
introduced from abroad. Surely some of 
the most destructive ones are in this cate- 
gory. .Among the many plant diseases 
wdiich have probably been introduced, and 
are now demanding serious consideration 
are the asparagus rust, alfalfa leaf spot, 
black rot of cabbage, bean anthracnose and 
rust, the pear blight or fire blight, Euro- 
pean apple canker, apple scab, pear scab, 
brow'll rot of various fruits, the dowmy 
mildew and white rust of Cystopus of 
cruciferous plants, the black knot of cher- 
ries and plums, the chrysanthemum rust, 
chestnut blight, diseases of cotton, carna- 
