8 
PARK AND CEMETERY. 
The popular idea seemed to be that in 
dredge work the final completion of filling 
meant a practically flat surface, also that 
the only method of eliminating this was 
by extensive team work. 
Our plans were to obtain high rolling 
sections. These would, when completed, 
present all appearances of natural ground, 
as well as drain the surface water to catch 
basins along drives. We also wished to 
eliminate the steep bluff on the east side of 
swamp by carrying a fast rising grade to 
harmonize with slope of hill above. 
Had this w’ork been done by other meth- 
ods, it would have meant much team work 
at a great additional expense. Our plan 
w'as to avoid all such work possible, and 
as filling progressed, our engineer located 
and determined approximate grades of 
drives, and every effort w'as made to se- 
cure the heaviest and best of material un- 
der them. By so doing, w^e avoided pock- 
eting of mud and quicksand. 
Our plan to secure high and rolling sec- 
tions was carried out in the following 
manner : 
As pumping continued, and discharge line 
crossed road and entered proposed section, 
a sharp rise in grade w'as made. By the 
use of sheer plank to prevent back wash, 
this rise was continued, slightly diminish- 
ing, until center of section was reached. A 
decreasing grade then gave a perfect con- 
tour to drive on opposite side of section. 
As the contour map shows (see illustra- 
tion No. 2), the center of all these sections 
stands at least seven or eight feet higher 
than encircling drives, while in approaching 
the hill in some places a rise as steep as 
seven feet in one hundred was used. All 
filling along the bluff w'as carried to a 
height of at least fifteen feet over elevation 
of drive below. Practically all the team 
work necessary was in what may be termed 
sand papering. In this method of contour- 
ing, subsidence had to be closely observed 
and allowances made in grade setting, also 
plans so handled as to secure an outlet for 
water. 
Work progressed very nicely during this 
season, our proposed lake supplying us with 
the finest of material. Some trouble was 
experienced, however, in the plugging of 
dredge intake by roots, etc., but, of course, 
this was expected in this kind of exca- 
vating. The winter shutdown afforded an 
opportunity for construction of conduits to 
replace the old creek. This required quite 
a little time on account of sheathing, but 
spring found this completed and everything 
ready for the resuming of operations. 
Some difficulties were experienced in han- 
dling filling without obstructing traffic on 
the drive crossing the swamp, as well as 
from the flooding of drives around sec- 
tions Nos. 19 and 20, but by proper care 
and planning this was accomplished. Early 
in the summer filling was completed to 
such an extent as to allow us to construct 
new drives, reaching to the southwestern 
portion of the cemetery, which permitted 
our abandoning and filling of old drives. 
The approach of winter found us with sand 
filling entirely completed. 
During the season, as fast as sand fill 
was completed, each section was smoothed 
up to sub-grade by teams, the idea being to 
have proposed sections and drives in a per- 
fect condition before starting our mud 
pumping. 
With the opening of spring, 1916, plans 
for mud pumping were completed and work 
started immediately. Our engineer first 
made a complete survey of each section 
and a contour map showing elevations, 
proposed dykes and sluice arrangements. 
Each detail was carefully gone over by 
representatives of the dredging company. 
It was found that a practical dyke should 
be 3.5 feet in height, with a usual one to 
one slope. These dykes, so far as possible, 
were to be cast from the lower side, which 
would permit at little expense, on account 
of light depth of mud, the later replacing 
of sand in original e.xcavation (see illustra- 
tion No. 3). As before stated, this mud 
required a mixture of at least one-eighth 
part sand. This was carefully considered, 
and where the greater part of sand was 
later needed for mixing purposes, excava- 
tion from both sides of the dykes was per- 
mitted. A dyke was found necessary at 
each two and one-half foot rise or fall in 
elevation. All dykes were set on a level 
grade, this grade continuing until the end 
of section was reached, or perhaps a com- 
plete encirclement made, this depending on 
contour of ground. 
The important item was to have a per- 
fect circulation of water and material, also 
the proper arrangement of sluice pipes to 
convey material from one dyke to another. 
It was found necessary to elevate the line 
conveying material to section over the top 
of dykes, as otherwise vibration would 
have caused their washout. 
In pumping, the discharge was made in 
upper dyke No. 1 (see illustration No. 4), 
where it traversed its entire length and was 
then by sluices carried into dyke No. 2, 
which was 2^2 feet lower than dyke No. 1. 
Having traversed the length of No. 2, No. 
3 was entered and traversed its entire 
length ; this continued until each dyke on 
section had been entered. Owing to the 
complete circulation, all solid material set- 
tled, was retained, and the water found 
practically clear when finally discharged 
into the lake. 
At the start of this pumping, sluice 
pipes were held high enough to give 
about 2 feet of dead water behind each 
dyke. This allowed the solid material 
to collect in each dyke in turn, until a 
filling of mud to the height of sluices 
was obtained. These sluices were then 
given a lift of another foot where the 
same results in regard to filling were 
again obtained. This was repeated until 
sufficient depth of mud was deposited. 
When wishing to shorten the length 
of conveying line, which also reduced 
height of lift, the filling of upper dykes 
were given entire attention, resulting in 
their immediate completion. The line was 
then pulled back to lower unfilled dykes 
and operations again resumed. 
Note detail sketch in No. 4 illustrating 
this work as handled on a very steep 
hillside section. This section contained 
an area of 233,300 square feet. The mud 
estimated on illustrated piece of ground 
when completed, was 11,415 cubic yards, 
meaning an average fill of 1.32 feet. 
This material also was distributed so as 
to require little handling by teams. The 
amount of sand needed for mixing pur- 
poses was easily obtained from the 
dykes. Any sand remaining unused after 
this was done was easily replaced in its 
former place of excavation. Of course, this 
mud required a thorough mixing and 
working before seeding. No two sections 
could be handled alike in mud pumping, 
as their contours and outlines varied ex- 
tensively. Some were entirely encircled 
by drives which were depressed seven 
or eight feet lower than center of sec- 
tion. These w'ere handled by circular 
dykes. Discharge of material being 
made in center of highest dyke, sluiced 
from this into second highest, where it 
would make a complete encirclement of 
section; then being carried by another 
set of sluices into next lower dyke 
where another encirclement was made. 
In all cases, water was finally returned 
to the lake without entering any present 
or proposed drives. In some cases in 
order to do this, we were required to 
use sluice pipes crossing road, where 
water was entered into another section, 
where dykes had not yet been filled with 
mud. This allowed the outlet of water 
to the lake without any unnecessary 
building of dykes. 
In some cases, small wing dykes were 
necessary to make proper distribution of 
material. In this work, some seepage 
of water was experienced at start of 
pumping, but this was easily eliminated 
by giving face of dyke a light plaster- 
ing of mud, also in some places where 
dykes were below the required height, 
we were able to give quite a little raise 
by mud topping. The big item of ex- 
pense to contractor in this mud W'ork, 
was the building of dykes of which ’h'/i 
miles were necessary. In their construc- 
tion, no practical method except hand 
shoveling was found. 
In summing up the mud pumping, we 
found that 936,452 square feet of ground 
had been covered. The total estimate of 
mud when completed w'as 43,730 cubic 
yards, giving an average depth of 1.25 
feet. Had we been able to obtain this 
amount of black soil anywhere else, 
the cost of shoveling alone would have 
been as great as the total cost of han- 
dling by this method. The completion 
of mud pumping left but one item to be 
considered, this being the sand beaching 
around the lake. In the construction of 
outline of lake, a heavy embankment of 
