PARK AND CEMETERY. 
143 
crease the efficiency of cement fillings, such 
as reinforcing with iron, wire, etc., cover- 
ing the cement surface with metal, the use 
of elastic material, making special grooves, 
laying the cement in sections, and many 
others, have not proved of much use in 
solving the problem. 
7. The tissues back of a cavity are 
rendered more susceptible to decay by the 
cement filling. This is especially true if 
proper antiseptic treatment is not given, 
or if the cavity is not thoroughly cleaned. 
From the various objections given it fol- 
lows that it is often better to leave the 
cavity open or to cover only the orifice, 
than to fill with cement. 
Metal coverings are also likely to be- • 
come displaced by any swaying of the 
tree and are affected to too great a degree 
by changes in temperature. They often 
rot out quickly and do not constitute a 
satisfactory covering. 
The proper treatment of tree cavities 
consists first in removing all the diseased 
tissue ; second, the cavity should be thor- 
oughly disinfected with some good pene- 
trating substance, and third, the cavity 
should usually be covered in some way. 
It may take some days thoroughly to dis- 
infect the cavity, and the disinfectant 
used, which should be chosen for its pen- 
The naturalistic methods of gardening 
are undoubtedly the most interesting to the 
American people, and I think the formal 
arrangement should be confined to re- 
stricted areas, disconnected from other 
parts of the ground. In connection with 
magnificent architecture, and considered 
part of the architectural scheme, this kind 
of gardening is perfectly fitting. 
The first step in the arrangement of any 
landscape is the making of a plan. This 
plan should give every detail of grading 
and planting arrangement. It should be 
made to a scale large enough, if possible, 
to give the location of each individual 
plant. It should show the location of 
buildings, roads, paths, drains and all ex- 
isting and proposed features. This plan 
should be accompanied by written instruc- 
tions and specifications, and it should be 
conscientiously followed as a guide in fu- 
ture operations to prevent incongruities 
and confusion. 
The laying out of the ground should be 
done in the following order; Locating 
and building the residence and other struc- 
tures; grading; laying drains; making 
roads and paths ; planting of trees and 
shrubs, and lastly the finishing of the 
lawn. The location of the residence and 
the planting near it should be very care- 
fully considered. Generally the house is 
finished and grading done before the lay- 
etrating qualities and permanent effects, 
may have to be applied several times. The 
material for covering the cavity should 
possess the same or similar physical prop- 
erties to those of the tree itself. Such a 
material may be found in chemically 
treated wooden blocks laid in an impervi- 
ous, more or less elastic cement. After 
years of experimentation and study of a 
great variety of cements and other sub- 
stances we believe that in these treated 
wooden blocks we have an ideal material 
that can be used conveniently and cheaply. 
The blocks may be used in various sizes, 
and there are different methods of hold- 
ing them firmly in the tree. The chemical 
treatment which they should receive insures 
them against decay, so that they will last 
indefinitely. They should be laid in the 
elastic substance much as bricks are laid, 
and when properly fitted to the opening of 
the cavity they will adapt themselves to 
any movement of the tree and will seal 
the cavity indefinitely. The blocks are 
made so that they can be reinforced with 
metal or other binoing materials, and may 
be made to interlock, if necessary. The 
most convenient sizes for the blocks are 
4 in. X 4 in. x 4 in. ; 4 in. x 4 in. x 8 in., 
or ’d in. X 4 in. X 8 in., and other sizes 
may be employed. After the blocks are 
laid, their outside surface should be 
From a Report by L, P. 
Jensen of St. Louis. 
ing out of the ground is thought of, 
whereas the proper way is to consider the 
location of the building in connection with 
the planinng of the grounds. Planting 
about the base of a building helps to con- 
nect it with the lawn upon which it stands 
and softens the stiff, regular lines. This 
planting should consist of hardy material, 
which will be effective even in winter. 
Porches and parts of the building ought 
to be planted with hardy vines for purpose 
of both privacy and comfort. The land 
should be as spacious as possible to give 
extent to the place, and should have bound- 
aries of closely planted trees and shrubs 
in irregular masses, and the foreground 
should be planted here and there with 
masses of herbaceous and annual flowers 
carefully arranged so as not to cause a 
spotted effect. 
Out-buildings should be partially 
screened by mass planting so as to show 
only those parts of them which will add 
to the beauty of the composition. Avoid 
the common fault of scattering plants all 
over the grounds without reason or fault. 
In the arrangement of the plantation be 
careful to study the natural growth of the 
plants, such as height, form, rapid or slow 
growth, texture and color of the foliage, 
and season of bloom. While most plants 
have green leaves, there is a great differ- 
ence in the shades of green, which differ- 
treated with coal tar or some similar sub- 
stance. 
In this method of treating cavities we 
do away with the filling, and still accom- 
plish the main object of such treatment, 
i. e., furnishing a means for the direction 
of the callous growth. The obnoxious 
bleeding effects already mentioned as be- 
ing so hard to prevent in cement filled cav- 
ities are also obviated. In some cases of 
cavity work metal and cement may be em- 
ployed to fairly good advantage, and it 
may be necessary still to make use of them 
in special cases until something better is 
found; but in the majority of cases, espe- 
cially with large cavities and where there 
is motion of any kind, the chemically 
treated wooden blocks described will prove 
superior. 
When cement is used, e. g., in cavities 
that will be but little affected by the motion 
of the tree, it is better to use it as a sur- 
face covering 4 to 5 inches thick than to 
attempt to fill the entire cavity. 
It should be pointed out that it is not 
necessary to fill all cavities. In some 
cases the tree is not worth the expense, 
and when the healing tissues have made 
considerable growth, the tree is often so 
strengthened that it is safe to leave it 
untouched. 
Design 
ence must be carefully considered for the 
sake of harmony in the landscape compo- 
sition. 
Such plants as the blue spruce, purple 
beech, plum and birch, golden elder and 
all plants with highly-colored leaves, should 
be used very carefully, as should also many 
of the plants like the weeping mulberry, 
weeping elm and th ; Kilmarnock weeping- 
willow. 
Take advantage of the beautiful points 
in the surrounding landscape by opening 
vistas and plant tall growing trees and 
shrubs to shut out undesirable objects. 
When planting groups and masses, do not 
indiscriminately mix the plants. Plant sev- 
eral of each kind or variety together, and 
where more than one kind is used in a 
group, let them mix slightly to avoid the 
formation of stiff regular lines. The prop- 
er location of drives and walks is an im- 
portant consideration. They should be as 
direct as possible and planned for conven- 
ience as well as beauty. Except on very 
small places, a slightly curving road or 
walk is generally more pleasing than a 
straight one. Every road or walk should 
have a distinct aim, such as buildings, 
pleasing view points, etc. Large bends will 
only be justified by natural obstacles, such 
as rocks, v/ater, or groups of trees, the 
curves should be easy, and gracefully fol- 
lowing the natural contour of the ground. 
Some Principles of Landscape 
