31 ^ 
and consequent drying out of the bark. A 
mulch of manure is desirable around the 
trunk to conserve moisture and furnish 
food. Pruning back 5-8 feet in all direc- 
tions is important in order to restore the 
equilibrium between the roots and trunk, 
which is invariably disturbed because of 
the loss of numerous roots in transplant- 
ing. 
Another machine used in tree moving 
operates in a somewhat different manner. 
It consists of a hind axle 12 feet long, with 
broad-tired wheels, a narrow front axle, 
and a frame made of 20-foot timbers which 
are braced to the hind axle wdth 10-foot 
three-by-fives. Tw'o rollers are inserted 
into the top of the frame with a wdndlass 
at one end, by means of which the tree 
may be raised or lowered with large ropes 
passing over the rollers to the windlas,«- 
The tree is dug with a symmetrical ball and 
then tipped so as to permit of passing a 
heavy rope around a few of the large roots, 
leaving the ends of the rope turned up to 
be used later in lifting the tree. Another 
rope is passed in a similar manner on the 
other side, while 4 guy ropes are attached 
to the upper part of the trunk to keep it 
upright. The front part of the machine is 
then removed, the frame with the hind 
wheels placed around the trunk, and the 
front axle replaced. The back wheels are 
braced wdth timbers to aid in drawing the 
tree aw'ay. The ends of the rope which 
was fastened around the roots are now 
passed over the roller to the windlass, the 
tree slowly lifted so that it hangs within 
the frame, and the four gu\' ropes are at- 
tached to a boom underneath the frame and 
to the front part of the machine. Inside 
of the frame 4 rope loops are made fast, 
being so placed that by passing a rope 
around the trunk and through these, a ring 
is made wdiich wull keep the trunk in the 
middle and prevent bruising against the 
frame or the rollers. The tree is low'ered 
into its new hole in exactly the reverse 
manner. In moving by this method it mav 
be necessary to tip the tree liackward in 
passing obstructions. 
Moving trees upon a stone wagon is a 
simple operation, necessitating wrapping 
the ball in burlap and sliding it up out of 
the hole on to the l)ottom of the wagon by 
means of rollers placed on a wooden in- 
cline with a block and pulley arrangement. 
The newest method of moving the larger 
trees growing in sandy soils involves the 
painstaking process of dissecting practical- 
ly all of the roots to a diameter of ;i0-4h 
feet (for a tree 18-20 inches in diameter) 
and lifting them with extreme patience and 
skill to avoid breaking or loruising. The 
start is made where the roots are 1 inch 
thick, digging a trench 2-3 feet deep, loos.- 
ening the soil down from the roots with 
round-pointed tines, picking out the roots 
and tying them in bundles. This operation 
is continued until a ball about 0-8 feet wide 
PARK AND CEMETERY 
remains. This ball will vary in size, how- 
ever, depending upon the size of the ma- 
chine and the kind of tree. The exposed 
roots should be wrapped with hay or straw 
and covered with burlap to prevent drying 
out and bruising during transportation. It 
is fairly safe to leave the larger roots ex- 
posed for a day, as those 14 inch or more 
in diameter will not be dried out to any ex- 
tent within that time. The trees are lifted 
upon trucks or skids with a tackle, and 
placed in a horizontal position liy means of 
a cradle attached to the front axle, the 
bundles of roots being held suspended by 
arms radiating from a wooden hoop around 
the trunk. Cushions of straw, burlap, and 
slats should always be used around the 
trunk at point of contact with tackle chains 
or ropes. The most important precaution 
in planting a tree moved in this manner is 
to avoid a greater depth than the original. 
The soil should be tamped well with round 
sticks, thoroughly watered, and the trees 
well anchored to deep anchor posts. A 
mulch, as well as wrapping of the trunk, 
is very essential to keep down excessive 
evaporation. 
Successful transplanting of evergreens 
requires the retention of a ball of soil 
around the roots, the size of the ball vary- 
ing from 3 to 15 feet in diameter, depend- 
ing upon the size of the tree as well as the 
compactness of the root system. Root 
pruning and frequent transplanting of 
evergreens is desirable if a fibrous, com- 
pact root system is to be obtained. The 
hall is dug, carrying the larger roots 3-4 
feet beyond it and bending these back 
around the ball. A canvas or burlap strip 
2-3 feet wide is then placed around the 
mass of soil and drawn taut by means of 
ropes running through rings at the bottom 
and top of the canvas. The bottom rope 
is tightened with a wooden lever containing 
4 holes through which the rope is passed 
and the lever turned. The top rope is tied 
and crossed. As soon as the burlap is fas- 
tened the ball is completely severed from 
the subsoil, and a platform placed under 
by tipping. The ball is then fastened to the 
platform and drawn out of the hole and on 
to a low wagon upon rollers and skids. 
The unloading is performed in the reverse 
manner, with the platform drawn into the 
hole and there detached and pulled out 
from under the tree. The canvas is then 
taken off, the outer roots spread out, and 
new soil tamped in. Shading of the trees 
and frequent watering will insure a greater 
degree of success, as the ball of soil with 
its roots dries out very rapidly. In Cali- 
fornia, when moving orange trees, great 
care is used to prevent drying out. The 
leaves are stripped, while the branches are 
tied in burlap and kept moist constantly. 
It is claimed to be a sure sign of failure if 
the flowers appear upon the trees the same 
year, while the appearance of new foliage 
without flowers spells success. 
Trees may be transplanted during the 
winter with a frozen ball. In the fall a 
mulch of manure is placed around the tree 
2-3 feet wider than the proposed ball. 
After the advent of freezing weather the 
mulch is removed and the ball dug grad- 
ually, allowing it to freeze. In this man- 
ner the tree is easily moved, providing a 
similar mulch has been placed over the new 
location to insure easy digging and a favor- 
able planting condition. 
Books and Publications 
“Spraying for Profit," the popular little 
handbook of spraying operations by. How- 
ard Evarts Weed, of Beaverton, Ore., has 
just been revised and issued in its 22d edi- 
tion. The hook has been rewritten and 
brought down to date in this 1917 issue, 
and is still the same compact and useful 
little manual. The book was first issued 
in 1899 and over 250,000 copies have been 
published in the several editions since 
then. While much matter has been added 
in this present edition it still retains its 
compact coat-pocket size, and its simple, 
practical character as a handbook of com- 
plete spraying principles. It is published 
by the Horticultural Publishing Co. of 
Cleveland, and sells for 25 cents. 
“An Introduction to the Study of Land- 
scape Design,” by Henry Vincent Hub- 
bard, assistant professor of Landscape 
Architecture, Harvard University, and 
Theodora Kimball, librarian. School of 
Landscape Architecture, Harvard Uni- 
versity, has just been issued in handsome 
typographic form. The landscape archi- 
Reviewed 
tect's training, like that of other profes- 
sional artists, should consist of two things: 
his accumulation of actual experience, 
and the organization of his mind so that, 
in attacking each new problem, he may 
proceed effectively from a comprehension 
of all its factors, economic and aesthetic, 
to the best solution possible under the cir- 
cumstances. No book already published 
covers this second field adequately for 
modern needs, and the present one should 
therefore aid the young designer in mak- 
ing the fullest use of his experience, and 
stimulate the man who seeks a similar 
power of organized analysis purely for his 
own appreciation of landscape lieauty. 
The volume offers a working theory of 
landscape design, discusses the elements 
of such design, and applies this theory to 
the most important problems. The illus- 
trations, made especially for the book, 
consist of pen and ink drawings and pho- 
tographs, exemplifying effective composi- 
tions, both natural and designed. The 
work sells for $0.00 and is published by 
The Macmillan Company of New York. 
