THE MODERN CEMETERY. 
123 
jected, that it would be impossible for the germs to 
pass out of the body in any way without being des- 
troycd # # # # # # 
Study and learn where to look for these danger- 
ous germs. Know that to destroy them they must 
be brought in contact with the proper antiseptics. 
With this knowledge at your command, there can 
be no doubt but what the embalmer can do much 
toward the stamping out of infectious and conta- 
gious diseases. 
Dry Rubble Foundations. 
In a former article on foundations for monu- 
ments, attention was called to the fact that differ- 
ent characters of foundations might be required for 
different classes of superstructure, and that specifi- 
cations for each should be adopted. Local condi- 
tions will suggest where to draw the line between 
these different classes of work. There is a certain 
small class of work which may be set upon what 
may be designated as dry rubble. Such, however, 
should never be used on a yielding soil under a 
load of more than one-fourth of a ton per square 
foot, or under a job standing more than four or five 
times its narrowest zvidtJi of base in height. 
Dry rubble should have a footing one-half great- 
er than its upper bearing face, which face should be 
double the area of the surmounting superstructure. 
The bottom of the pit should be evenly graded to 
an even natural soil bed. No stone should be per- 
mitted in any part of the foundation exceeding in 
its greatest dimension one-fourth the least dimen- 
sion of said foundation. 
All stone larger than common course gravel 
must be broken so as to have an angular form that 
will interlock and hold position. 
The largest stone should be placed in the bot- 
tom and otherwise evenly distributed in courses 
throughout the work. After the first course is 
placed in .the bottom, fine sand and chips small 
enough to fill in all the interstices shall be lightly 
spread over and thoroughly washed in by a stream 
of water. When the course refuses to receive any 
more fine filling and an even surface is made, an- 
other course of larger stone may be laid and the 
same process of filling and washing in is repeated, 
and the whole procedure continued until a sufficient 
height has been attained to receive the bedding 
stone or concrete on which the base is to rest 
The proper drenching in of fine clean stuff is the 
important part in securing a comparatively solid 
mass, and in the which each stone is so embedded 
as to prevent any change in its position, thus ensur- 
ing the rigidity of the entire mass. The whole 
foundation must be given time for the water to 
drain out carrying each particle that can be moved 
to its place, before work on the snperstriictnre is 
carried on. 
No coping, marker, or other stone should be set 
without some such foundation as described above. 
J. C. U. 
Fall at Graceland, Chicago. 
It so happens that I have never seen Graceland 
in the Spring, but I can say with as much truth as 
enthusiasm that it is a right royal place in the fall. 
How much better that name is than Autumn. 
What does Autumn mean? It is a word for those 
who strive after fine language! Fall, has a mean- 
ing — the season of the falling leaf, it is poetic and 
satisfying. 
Even at Graceland there are too many stones, 
but in the parts of the grounds where control in this 
matter is exercised, they are neither numerous nor 
intrusive enough to spoil the landscape effects. 
And what fine effects they are ! Beautiful in line 
and in boldness of mass, as well as in the combina- 
tions of foliage that are so telling. As, for in- 
stance, distant billowy masses of Royal Willows, 
blue in tone; in the middle distance, clumps of rich 
crimson, scarlet sumachs; and in the foreground, 
fantastic little Pepperidge trees all aflame in their 
lighter colored garments. Seen thus at a glance, 
the coloring almost takes ones breath. 
Probably there is not a more effective bit of 
planting in the country than that around the larger 
pond. In October it is a gem set in a rim of shaded 
Carnelian. The border is not continuous, and it is 
artistically varied in height and breadth — but the 
general effect is of an enclosing rim of color, 
brought about by the extensive and admirable use 
of a common shrub — just plain Dogwood in two or 
three varieties. Other shrubs and small trees are 
used, but they are introduced in such a way as not 
to interfere with the October color effect. The il- 
lustration, “A waterside tomb,” gives a good view 
of part of this planting. One feels that if there 
must be a tomb, this is the way it should be placed 
and treated — at least, one of the few satisfactory 
ways. It gains much from its happy situation, and 
the tasteful planting. Yet if I am not mistaken, 
some one interested in this very tomb has asked 
that some of the “brush” be cleared away. Brush! 
But there is unspeakable satisfaction in the thought 
that such sacrilege will never be permitted. It is 
the surroundings that make the place seem more 
like a temple than a tomb. 
This illustration is a fair example of the art that 
prevails in the planting, not only around the pond, 
but throughout Graceland. The touch of a hand 
that has mastered the use of its chosen medium is 
recognizable. This complete, and apparently easy 
