140 THE BOTANY OF THE CHITRAL RELIEF EXPEDITION, 1895. 
1 have since received from Colonel Davidson, Commanding at 
Chitral, a small, but interesting, collection of plants gathered by him 
on the Dofab Pass, between 14,000 and 15,000 feet above the sea. 
These also are included in the general list which follows. 
In order to render this list as complete as possible 1 have included 
the names of several plants, which Captain F. E. Younghusband 
kindly sent to me from the Chitral district in 1894, together with a 
few mentioned by Surgeon-Major Giles as occurring in the neigh- 
bourhood of Chitral, and collected by him during the Chitral- Kaliristan 
Expedition in 1884-85 under Colonel (now Sir William) Lockhart. 
The majority of the specimens enumerated in the following list 
were collected between 3,000 and 13,000 feet above the sea. The 
hot steamy atmosphere which prevails during the summer months 
in the lower confined portions of the Swat, Panjkora, and other 
valleys encourages a luxuriant growth of plants, many of which are 
characteristic of the plains of India ; and the extensive cultivation of 
various crops which is carried on in some of these valleys, where 
irrigation can be easily applied, must account for the presence of 
many species which could not otherwise find a home here. Up to 
5,000 or 6,000 feet there are large tracts of stony undulating country, 
where the air is very hot and dry during the summer, and here the 
vegetation resembles that of Baluchistan and Afghanistan. The 
flora of the more elevated portions of the country, between the 
lowest limit of snowfall and the highest limit of vegetation, resembles 
for the most part that of Kashmir and Baltistan, with the addition of 
some Central Asian and Siberian forms. 
There are some fine forests in the neighbourhood of the 
Lowari F^ass containing chiefly spruce [Picca Mortnda), silver fir 
{Jldies lVeddi(7m)f deodsLT a,nd blue pine {Pinus excelsa) ; yew and 
pencil ceda.r (J/r/i ijfcr us viacrOpoda) also occur, together with horse- 
chestnut, maple (Acer ca’sium), Pr units Padus, Pyrus lanata^ and 
Ulmiis iratlichiana. The prevailing oak in this part of the country 
is Qncrcus Ilex^ Q. incana and dilatata also occur. An excellent 
series of photographs taken by Sergeant-Major Develin, R.E., under 
the supervision of General Ga!acre, gives a very good idea of the 
country between Nowshera and Chitral, 
The total number of species and varieties included in the 
following list amounts to 934 , they represent 93 natural orders and 
459 genera. 
The natural orders containing the largest number of species are 
CompQjitse 'jfZj Lubiatae Graminese 61, Leguminosee 4 $, Posuce^ 
44, Ramtncitlacede 38, Musci 33, Cruciferae 29, Filiccs 27, Caryc* 
