BOTANICAL TOLJR IN CHAMBA AND KANGRA. 
189 
and the bounding mountains are rocky and oare. The prevailiftg 
vegetaticm remained of a subtropical type and presented few 
features worthy of remark, Rubia cordi/olia, Periploca calophylla ^ 
Daemia extensa^ Cissampelos Pa^eirai Vttis lanata^ parvt- 
folia were noted as climbers, while Phagnalon niveunty Androsace 
rotundifoliay Athyrium pecfinatum, Linaria ramosissima^ Conyza 
stricta were collected from the faces of cliffs. A steep ascent 
abruptly succeeded through a scrub composed principally of 
BerheriSi Plectranthus rugosus^ Indigofera Gerardiana^ and Des^ 
modium ciliaefolium. Near the end of the climb there was a spring 
of good water with a shady willow-tree close at hand. Beyond the 
top of the ascent we passed through a small Deodar forest and 
reached the village of Chitrari. 
The third march was to Alwasa, This began with a long and 
steep descent to a river followed by a correspondingly laborious 
climb to the village of Koti. Between the river and up to a con- 
siderable elevation above Koti there are many villages and much 
cultivation. At the higher levels Pinus excelsa and Deodar are 
common. I anticipated finding many plants around the pass leading 
over to Alwasa, but I was disappointed in my expectation. The 
forests are good and extensive, but smaller vegetation was scanty in 
the extreme. The season had been abnormally dry, and probably 
the continued drought had prevented herbaceous plants from grow- 
ing with their accustomed luxuriance. Below the pass a steep path 
winds through groups of Deodar and Pinus excelsa. From Alwasa a 
good view was obtained nf the mountain range on the opposite side 
of the Ravi, The grass was drying up at lower elevations and there 
were few trees visible ; upwards the prospect closed with enormous 
rocky cliffs capped with snow. 
The fourth march was to Barmaor and it included a long descent 
and ascent. Quercus dilatata was abundant everywhere. Pine 
forests clothe considerable areas at Barmaor, and Cupressus torulosa 
is moderately common. A fine ash-tree grows at one end of the 
camping ground above the village. I saw the villagers engaged in 
preserving their winter supply of fodder by the identical method 
adopted in Kashmir, which is that the grass is first twisted into thick 
ropes and then hung about the branches of trees. There was a variety 
of plants growing on the sodden verges of the streams. After a stay 
of two days at Barmaor the journey to Kangra, over the Mharam 
Ghati Pass, was undertaken. 
The first march was to Soai. After crossing the bridge at the 
foot of the long descent from the village of Kani the path turns 
