9 
GENERA. 
Papaver, L. Sanguinaria, L, 
Argemone, L. Bocconia, L. 
Meconopsis, DC. Macleaya, R. Br. 
Stylophorum, Nutt. Roemeria, Medic. 
It is usual to distinguish the following as a special natural order, on account 
of the irregularity of the flowers, the diadelphous stamens, and watery sap. 
But Auguste de St. Hilaire, and Moquin Tandon (Ann. Sc. 20. 324), have long 
since recommended the combination of Fumariacese and Papaveraceae on ac- 
count of the genus Hypecoum, and more recently Bernhardi has followed those 
botanists in a special memoir upon this subject {Linncea, 8. 401). 
Glaucium, Tourn. Hunnemannia, Sweet. 
Chelidonium, L. Dendromecon, Benth. 
Eschcholtzia, Cham. Platystigma, Benth. 
Sub-Order. FUMARIE^. The Fumitory Tribe. 
FuMARiACEiE, DC. Syst. 2. 105. (1821) ; Prodr. 1. 125 (1824) ; Lindl. Synops. 18 (1829) ; 
Martins Conspectus. No. 205. (1835). 
Essential Character. — Sepals 2, deciduous. Petals 4, cruciate, parallel ; the 2 outer, 
either one or both, saccate at the base ; the 2 inner callous and coloured at the apex, where 
they cohere and enclose the anthers and stigma. Stamens G, in 2 parcels, opposite the outer 
petals, very seldom all separate; anthers membranous, the outer of each parcel 1 -celled, 
the middle one 2 -celled. Ovary superior, 1 celled ; ovules horizontal ; style filiform ; stigma 
with two or more points. Fruit various ; either an indehiscent 1 or 2-seeded nut, or a 
2-valved or succulent indehiscent polyspermous pod. Seeds horizontal, shining, crested. 
Albumen fleshy. Embryo minute, out of the axis ; in the indehiscent fruit straight ; in 
those which dehisce somewhat arcuate. — Herbaceous plants, with brittle stems and a watery 
juice. Leaves usually alternate, multifid, often with tendrils. Flowers purple, white, or 
yellow. 
Affinities. The following are De Candolle’s remarks upon this sub- 
ject (Syst. 2. 106.) : “ Fumariacese are very near Papaveracese, on account 
of their two-leaved deciduous calyx, of the structure of the fruit of such spe- 
cies as dehisce, and of their fleshy albumen ; but they difier, firstly, in their juice 
being watery, instead of milky ; secondly, in their petals being usually irregu- 
lar and in cohesion with each other ; thirdly, in their diadelphous stamens, 
which bear indifferently 1- and 2-celled anthers.” I am, however, inchnedto 
suspect, that the floral envelopes of Fumariese are not rightly described. I 
am by no means sure that it would not be more consonant to analogy to con- 
sider the parts of their flower divided upon a binary plan ; thus understanding 
the outer series of the supposed petals as calyx, and the inner only as petals ; 
while the parts now called sepals are perhaps more analogous to bracts ; an 
idea which their arrangement, and the constant tendency of the outer series to 
become saccate at the base, which is not uncommon in the calyx of Cruciacese, 
but never happens, as far as I know, in their petals, would seem to confirm. 
Of this, some further evidence may be found in the stamens. Those organs 
are combined in two parcels, one of which is opposite each of the divisions of 
the outer series, and consists of one perfect 2-celled anther in the middle and 
two lateral 1 -celled ones : now, supposing the lateral 1 -celled anthers of each 
parcel to belong to a common stamen, the filament of which is split by the 
separation of the two parcels, an hypothesis to which I do not think any ob- 
jection can be entertained, we shall find that the number of stamens of Fuma- 
rieae is 4, one of which is before each of the divisions of the flower ; an ar- 
rangement which is precisely what we should expect to find in a normal flower 
consisting of 2 sepals and 2 petals, and the reverse of what ought to occur 
if the divisions of the flower were really all petals, as has been hitherto be- 
lieved. 
The economy of the sexual organs of Fumariese is remarkable. The sta- 
