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Ordf.rCLXXX. CAMPANULACE.®. The Campanula Tribe. 
CAMPANULiE, Juss. Gen. 163. (1789) in paH.— C ampanulace^, R. Brown Prodr. 559. 
(1810) ; Lindl. Synops. 135. (1829). — Campanule^, Jlph. DC. Monogr. (1830). 
EsseiJtial Character. — Calyx superior, usually 5-lobed (3-8), persistent. 'Corolla 
monopetalous, inserted into the top of the calyx, usually 5-lobed (3-8), withering on the 
fruit, regular. jEstivation valvate. Stamens inserted into the calyx alternately with the 
lobes of the corolla, to w^hich they are equal in number. Anthers 2-celled, distinct. Pollen 
spherical. Ovary inferior, with 2 or more polyspermous cells opposite the stamens, or 
alternate with them ; style simple, covered with collecting hairs ; stigma naked, simple, or 
with as many lobes as there are cells. Fruit dry, crowned hy the withered calyx and 
corolla, dehiscing by lateral irregular apertures or by valves at the apex, always loculicidal. 
Seeds numerous, attached to a placenta in the axis ; embryo straight, in the axis of 
fleshy albumen ; radicle inferior. — Herbaceous plants or under-shrubs, yielding a white 
milk. Leaves almost always alternate, simple, or deeply divided, without stipules. 
Floivers single, in racemes, spikes, or panicles, or in heads, usually blue or white, very 
rarely yellow. 
Affinities. I gladly avail myself of the valuable remarks of Alphonse De 
Candolle in explaining the affinities of Campanulacese. He considers that they 
differ from Lobeliaceae chiefly in their regular corolla, their stamens being 
almost always distinct, their pollen spherical (not oval), their stigmas gene- 
rally long and velvety externally, in the abundance of collecting hairs on the 
style, and finally in their capsule usually opening laterally. “ It is not only 
in the form,” he proceeds, “ but also in the number of the parts, that the 
flo’wer of Campanulacese is more regular than that of Lobeliacese. Thus, in 
several Campanulas the cells of the ovary are equal in number to the stamens 
and the divisions of the corolla and calyx, which points out the natural sym- 
metry of the flower. In Lobelias abortion is more frequent. In both groups 
the innermost organs are abortive more frequently than the outermost. Thus, 
the number of cells is often smaller (never greater) than that of the stamens ; 
the number of stamens is sometimes smaller (but never larger) than that of the 
lobes of the corolla ; and the same is true of the lobes of the corolla with 
respect to the calyx. Finally, Lobeliacese have sometimes a corolla of a fine 
bright red, a colour unknown among Campanulas ; nine-tenths of the species 
of the latter have blue flowers ; and those in which the colour varies, and into 
which a little red enters (as Canarina), are far from having the brilliancy of 
Lobelia cardinalis for instance. After Lobeliacese, the natural groups with 
which Campanulacese have the most relation are, no doubt, Goodeniacese and 
Stylidiaceae, which formed part of the Campanulacese of Jussieu. Tlie regular 
corolla of Campanulacese distinguishes them, at first sight, from both those 
orders, as v/ell as from Lobeliacese. Besides, Campanulas have not the fringed 
indusium which terminates the style of Goodeniacese, and surrounds their 
stigma. Although this organisation approaches that of Lobeliacese, and so 
Campanulacese, it is not less true that it affords an important mark of distinc- 
tion, and that it is connected with essential differences in the mode of fecunda- 
tion. Brown has also remarked, that the corolla of Goodeniacese is sometimes 
pol\q)etalous, which it never is in Campanulacese or Lobeliacese ; that the 
sestivation of their corolla is induplicate, not valvate ; that its principal veins 
are lateral, or alternate with the lobes, as in Compositae ; that in the species of 
Goodeniacese with dehiscent fruit, the dehiscence is usually septicidal, while 
in the two other groups it is always loculicidal; finally, that Goodeniacese 
have not the milky juice that characterises Campanulacese and Lobeliacese.” 
Notwithstanding the polyspermous fruit and different inflorescence, this order 
approaches very closely to Compositse ; the milky juice is the same as that of 
Cichoracese ; the species have, in many cases, the flowers crowded in heads ; 
