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albuminous seeds ; and next with Calyceracece, which have connate anthers 
and alternate leaves. The same character of the capitate flowers, and the 
presence of albumen, forms the distinction between Dipsacese and Valerianacese. 
What is called the involucel is a curious organ, resembling an external calyx, 
and is to each particular flower of the head of Dipsacese what the partial invo- 
lucre of Umbelliferse is to each partial umbel ; and, accordingly, we ought 
to expect to find instances of more flowers than one being enclosed within this 
involucel ; and this is said by Coulter actually to take place in the genus 
Gundelia. This is, however, not the only peculiarity of the order. Brown 
has the following curious remarks. 
“ M. Auguste Saint Hilaire, in his excellent memoir on Primulaceae, while 
he admits the correctness of M. De Candolle’s account with respect to great 
part of Dipsacese, has at the same time well observed, that in several species 
of Scabiosa the ovarium is entirely united with the tube of the calyx. But 
neither of these authors has remarked the curious, and I believe peculiar, cir- 
cumstance, of the base of the style cohering with the narrow apex of the tube 
of the onlyx, even in those species of the order in which the dilated part of the 
tube is entirely distinct from the ovarium. This kind of partial cohesion 
between pistillum and calyx is directly opposite to what usually takes place, 
namely, the base of the ovarium being coherent, while its upper is distinct. 
It equally, however, determines the apparent origin or insertion of corolla and 
stamina, producing the unexpected combination of ‘ flos superus’ with ovarium 
‘ liberum.’ ” Linn. Trans. 12. 138. 
Geography. Chiefly natives of the south of Europe, Barbary, the 
Levant, and the Cape of Good Hope ; not affecting particular stations in any 
striking degree, except that they generally shun cold, and do not attain much 
elevation above the sea. Coulter. 
Properties. Unimportant. The Teasel used by fullers in dressing cloth 
is the dried head of Dipsacus fuUonum. Some of them are reputed febrifugal 
Scabiosa succisa is said to yield a green dye, and also to be astringent enough 
to deserv^e the attention of tanners. Gmel. FI. Bad. 1. 319. 
GENERA. 
§ 1. Morine^, DC. § 2. ScABiosEiE, DC. Vaill. Wallr. Scabiosa, R. et S. 
Morina, Tourn. Dipsacus, Tourn. Picnocomon, Wallr. Asterocephalus, Vail. 
Diotheca, Vaill. Cephalaria, Schrad. Knautia, Coult. Sclerostemma, Schot. 
Lepicephalus, Lag. Trichera, Schrad. Spongostemma, Rchb. 
Carionanthus, Schot. Pterocephalus, Vaill. 
Order CXCVI. VALERIANACE^. The Valerian Tribe. 
Valeriane^, DC. FI. Fr. ed. 3. v. 4. p. 232. (1815) ; Dufr. Valer. Monogr. 56. (1811) ; 
Lmdl. Synops. 137. (1829) ; DC. Prodr. 4. 623. (1830) ; RoylPs Illustrations, 241. 
(1835). 
Essential Character. — Calyx superior; the limb either membranous, or resembling 
pappus. Corolla monopetalous, tubular, inserted into the top of the ovary, with from 3 to 
6 lobes, either regular or irregular, sometimes calcarate at the base. Stamens from 1 to 5, 
inserted into the tube of the corolla, and alternate with its lobes. Ovary inferior, with 1 cell, 
and sometimes 2 other abortive ones ; ovule solitary, pendulous ; style simple ; stigmas 
from 1 to 3. Fruit dry, indehiscent, with 1 fertile ceil and 2 empty ones. Seed solitary, 
pendulous ; embryo straight, destitute of albumen ; radicle superior. — Herbs. Leaves oppo- 
site, without stipules. Flowers corymbose, panicled, or in heads. 
Affinities. Distinguished from Dipsacese by their flowers not being in 
